ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2023
An In-Ear PPG-Based Blood Glucose Monitor: A Proof-of-Concept Study.
Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Non-Invasive Technologies in Wearable Glucose Monitoring: A Structured Overview for the Future.Biosensors · 2026Review
- Comparative Assessment of PPG-Derived HRV Using MAX30102 Sensor and Analog Circuitry with ADS1115 ADC.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Non invasive blood glucose estimation using green light photoplethysmography and machine learning.Frontiers in digital health · 2026Article
- A Deep Learning Model That Combines ResNet and Transformer Architectures for Real-Time Blood Glucose Measurement Using PPG Signals.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Prediabetes: A Scoping Review.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2025Review
- Clinical evaluation of a polarization-based optical noninvasive glucose sensing system.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Highly Sensitive Perovskite Photoplethysmography Sensor for Blood Glucose Sensing Using Machine Learning Techniques.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Diabetes Technology Meeting 2023.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2024Article
- From Scalp to Ear-EEG: A Generalizable Transfer Learning Model for Automatic Sleep Scoring in Older People.IEEE journal of translational engineering in health and medicine · 2024Article
- Non-Invasive Glucose Sensing Technologies and Products: A Comprehensive Review for Researchers and Clinicians.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Langmuir-Blodgett Films with Immobilized Glucose Oxidase Enzyme Molecules for Acoustic Glucose Sensor Application.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Monitoring diabetes saves lives. To this end, we introduce a novel, unobtrusive, and readily deployable in-ear device for the continuous and non-invasive measurement of blood glucose levels (BGLs). The device is equipped with a low-cost commercially available pulse oximeter whose infrared wavelength (880 nm) is used for the acquisition of photoplethysmography (PPG). For rigor, we considered a full range of diabetic conditions (non-diabetic, pre-diabetic, type I diabetic, and type II diabetic). Recordings spanned nine different days, starting in the morning while fasting, up to a minimum of a two-hour period after eating a carbohydrate-rich breakfast. The BGLs from PPG were estimated using a suite of regression-based machine learning models, which were trained on characteristic features of PPG cycles pertaining to high and low BGLs. The analysis shows that, as desired, an average of 82% of the BGLs estimated from PPG lie in region A of the Clarke error grid (CEG) plot, with 100% of the estimated BGLs in the clinically acceptable CEG regions A and B. These results demonstrate the potential of the ear canal as a site for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.