Robust and Realtime Large Deformation Ultrasound Registration Using End-to-End Differentiable Displacement Optimisation.

Image registration for temporal ultrasound sequences can be very beneficial for image-guided diagnostics and interventions. Cooperative human-machine systems that enable seamless assistance for both inexperienced and expert users during ultrasound examinations rely on robust, realtime motion estimation. Yet rapid and irregular motion patterns, varying image contrast and domain shifts in imaging devices pose a severe challenge to conventional realtime registration approaches. While learning-based registration networks have the promise of abstracting relevant features and delivering very fast inference times, they come at the potential risk of limited generalisation and robustness for unseen data; in particular, when trained with limited supervision. In this work, we demonstrate that these issues can be overcome by using end-to-end differentiable displacement optimisation. Our method involves a trainable feature backbone, a correlation layer that evaluates a large range of displacement options simultaneously and a differentiable regularisation module that ensures smooth and plausible deformation. In extensive experiments on public and private ultrasound datasets with very sparse ground truth annotation the method showed better generalisation abilities and overall accuracy than a VoxelMorph network with the same feature backbone, while being two times faster at inference.