Trial reportPloS one2023
Mental health and gender-based violence: An exploration of depression, PTSD, and anxiety among adolescents in Kenyan informal settlements participating in an empowerment intervention.
Trial report in PloS one, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of mental disorders among young people living in urban slums of low- and middle- income countries: A systematic review and Meta-analysis.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Pooled it
- Sexual Assault Among Young Adolescents in Informal Settlements in Nairobi, Kenya: Findings from the IMPower and SOS Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2024Trial
- Mental health and psychosocial support interventions for individuals affected by gender-based violence in fragile contexts: A systematic review.Global mental health (Cambridge, England) · 2026Review
- Preliminary effectiveness of the youth empowerment digital intervention (YEDI): A pilot clustered community study of a group cognitive behavioral therapy intervention with digital reinforcement among youth in Kenya's informal settlements.Global mental health (Cambridge, England) · 2026Article
- When income buffers extreme weather: Impacts on women's mental health in informal settlements.PLOS climate · 2026Article
- Experiences of extreme weather and mental health in climate-vulnerable communities: results from a large-scale survey of women living in informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- A scoping review of nursing interventions of improving resilience among university students during online learning.BMC nursing · 2025Article
- Cumulative adverse childhood experiences and their association with depression and anxiety: a cross-sectional study of youth living in informal urban settings in Kenya.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Analysis of factors influencing the assessment of sexual self-defense capacity in individuals with mental disorders.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Article
- Key mental health differences in conflict-related sexual violence and how sex, severity, and early intervention impact on improvement: a retrospective observational study.Conflict and health · 2024Article
- Intergenerational effects of child maltreatment on adolescents' anxiety and depression in Ethiopia: the important mediating and moderating roles of current psychological distress.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- A Scoping Review of Anti-Bullying Interventions: Reducing Traumatic Effect of Bullying Among Adolescents.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThis study examines the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among adolescents attending schools in several informal settlements of Nairobi, Kenya. Primary aims were estimating prevalence of these mental health conditions, understanding their relationship to gender-based violence (GBV), and assessing changes in response to an empowerment intervention.
methodsMental health measures were added to the final data collection point of a two-year randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluating an empowerment self-defense intervention. Statistical models evaluated how past sexual violence, access to money to pay for a needed hospital visit, alcohol use, and self-efficacy affect both mental health outcomes as well as how the intervention affected female students' mental health.
findingsPopulation prevalence of mental health conditions for combined male and female adolescents was estimated as: PTSD 12.2% (95% confidence interval 10.5-15.4), depression 9.2% (95% confidence interval 6.6-10.1) and anxiety 17.6% (95% confidence interval 11.2% - 18.7%). Female students who reported rape before and during the study-period reported significantly higher incidence of all mental health outcomes than the study population. No significant differences in outcomes were found between female students in the intervention and standard-of-care (SOC) groups. Prior rape and low ability to pay for a needed hospital visit were associated with higher prevalence of mental health conditions. The female students whose log-PTSD scores were most lowered by the intervention (effects between -0.23 and -0.07) were characterized by high ability to pay for a hospital visit, low agreement with gender normative statements, larger homes, and lower academic self-efficacy.
conclusionThese data illustrate a need for research and interventions related to (1) mental health conditions among the young urban poor in low-income settings, and (2) sexual violence as a driver of poor mental health, leading to a myriad of negative long-term outcomes.
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