Trial reportEuropean journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine2023
The combined effect of short foot exercises and orthosis in symptomatic flexible flatfoot: a randomized controlled trial.
Trial report in European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 14 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effects of Intrinsic Foot Muscle Training With and Without Hip Abductor Muscle Strengthening on Pain and Functional Mobility in Patients With Pronation Distortion Syndrome
Effects of Stabilization-based Pilates Exercise on Gait and Balance in Women With Flexible Pesplanus
Effects of Custom Fitted Supportive Socks With Integrated Insoles in Individuals With Flat Feet
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of Orthotic Interventions on Pain, Balance, and Plantar Pressure in Flexible Flatfoot: A Systematic Review.Journal of foot and ankle research · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of conservative interventions on plantar pressure in individuals with flat foot: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2026Pooled it
- The effects of foot orthoses on radiological parameters and pain in children with flexible flat feet: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Pooled it
- Effects of core-lower limb coordinated Pilates on gait and balance in women with flexible pes planus: a pilot randomized controlled trial.International biomechanics · 2026Trial
- [Insoles in the treatment of pes planovalgus : A prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled comparative trial of sensomotoric and supportive insoles].Orthopadie (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2025Trial
- Impact of Material Stiffness on Medial Arch Support and Stress Redistribution in 3D-Printed Insoles for Adult Acquired Flatfoot Deformity.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy Combined with Subtalar Arthroereisis and Medial Column Stabilisation in the Treatment of PCFD: A Retrospective Study.Indian journal of orthopaedics · 2026Article
- Flexible Flatfoot-Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical Aspects: A Review Focused on Less-Invasive Surgical Treatment in Children.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Foot plantar pressure characteristics during standing and gait in adolescents with moderate double-curve adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (Lenke type 3 and type 6): a case-control study.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2026Article
- Sinus Tarsi Morphometry Is Correlated with Flatfoot Severity on Weight-Bearing CT.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Differential effects of intrinsic- versus extrinsic-first corrective exercise programs on morphometric outcomes and navicular drop in pediatric flatfoot.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Efficacy of Faradic Foot Baths and Short Foot Exercises in Symptomatic Flatfoot: A Review.Cureus · 2023Review
- Pediatric Flatfoot: Is There a Need for Surgical Referral?Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Short foot exercises for flatfoot therapy: Status and prospects.Science progressReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundFlatfoot is a musculoskeletal problem associated with dysfunctional active and passive supporting structures of the normal foot curvature. Strengthening of the intrinsic foot muscles or using shoe orthosis are recommend treatment approaches. However, investigating the effect of combining both approaches is still warranted.
aimTo examine the effect of applying short foot exercises (SFE) combined with shoe insole versus shoe insole alone on foot pressure measures, pain, function and navicular drop in individuals with symptomatic flexible flatfoot.
designProspective, active control, parallel-group, assessor-blinded, randomized controlled trial and intention-to-treat analysis.
settingOutpatient physical therapy clinic of a university teaching hospital. POPULATION: Forty participants with symptomatic flexible flatfoot.
methodsA six-week treatment protocol of SFE (three sets of 10 repetitions a day) in addition to shoe insole (eight hours a day) (experimental group, N.=20) or shoe insole only (eight hours a day) (control group, N.=20). Clinic visits were made at baseline and every two weeks for monitoring and follow-up. The static and dynamic foot area, force and pressure measures, pain, lower extremity function, and navicular drop were assessed at baseline and postintervention.
resultsForty participants joined the study and 37 (92.5%) completed the six-week intervention period. Foot pressure, pain and function showed a significant interaction (P=0.02 - <0.001) and time (P<0.001) effects with a non-significant group effect in favor of the experimental group. Post-hoc analysis revealed that the experimental group had lesser pain (P=0.002) and better function (P=0.03) than the control group at six weeks. Navicular drop decreased equally in both groups.
conclusionsImplementation of shoe insole and SFE for six weeks improved pain and function and altered foot pressure distribution greater than shoe insole alone in patients with symptomatic flatfoot. CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT: Wearing shoe insole is an easy, but passive, treatment approach for a flatfoot problem. This study provided evidence regarding the added benefit of SFE. It is recommended that rehabilitation practitioners implement a comprehensive treatment protocol including both shoe insole and SFE for at least six weeks to achieve better results for their flatfoot patients.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.