ArticleNutrients2023
Insulin, Testosterone, and Albumin in Term and Preterm Breast Milk, Donor Milk, and Infant Formula.
Article in Nutrients, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Baleen hormone analyses reveal stress and reproductive life-history of the critically endangered Rice's whale (Balaenoptera ricei).PloS one · 2026Article
- Evaluation of Mineral Content in Preterm Human Milk and Infant Formulas in Qatar: Assessing Compliance With Dietary Recommendations and Label Accuracy.Food science & nutrition · 2025Article
- Comparative Analysis of Breastfeeding and Infant Formulas: Short- and Long-Term Impacts on Infant Nutrition and Health.Food science & nutrition · 2025Review
- Article
- Effect of Holder Pasteurization, Mode of Delivery, and Infant's Gender on Fatty Acid Composition of Donor Breast Milk.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Bioactive Components of Human Milk and Their Impact on Child's Health and Development, Literature Review.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Uric acid to albumin ratio is a novel predictive marker for all-cause and cardiovascular death in diabetic patients: a prospective cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- The Effect of Holder Pasteurization and Different Variants on Breast Milk Antioxidants.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Circadian Variation in Human Milk Hormones and Macronutrients.Nutrients · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundInfants have three options for feeding: their own mother's breast milk, donor milk, or infant formula. Insulin, testosterone, total protein, and albumin levels were measured in breast milk samples from the first 6 months of lactation, in donor milk samples, and in different infant formulas.
methodsMothers who gave birth to term (
resultsDuring the first 2 months of lactation, the concentration of insulin was lower (-27.4%) while the testosterone concentration was higher (+20.8%) compared to the period between the 3rd and 6th months only in the preterm breast milk samples. The infant formulas examined did not contain insulin or testosterone. Holder pasteurization (HoP) did not influence the level of testosterone in human milk, although HoP decreased the insulin (-53.6%) and albumin (-38.6%) concentrations.
conclusionsDiet impacts the hormone intake of infants, underlining the importance of breastfeeding and the possible supplementation of formula-fed infants.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.