Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36978479›Full record

ArticleAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)2023

Prevalence and Predictors of Antibiotic Self-Medication in Sudan: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study.

Mohamed A Hussain, Ahmed O Mohamed, Omalhassan A Abdelkarim, Bashir A Yousef, Asma A Babikir, Maysoon M Mirghani, Entsar A Mohamed, Wadah Osman, Ramzi A Mothana, Rashid Elhag

Open access · goldFull text read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
12citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
2.7field-weighted citation impact, top 8% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

12 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.

Mohamed A HussainDepartment of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, International University of Africa, Khartoum P.O. Box 2469, Sudan.ORCID 0000-0003-1487-2005
Ahmed O MohamedDepartment of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, International University of Africa, Khartoum P.O. Box 2469, Sudan.ORCID 0000-0001-5472-1151
Omalhassan A AbdelkarimDepartment of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, International University of Africa, Khartoum P.O. Box 2469, Sudan.
Bashir A YousefDepartment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum P.O. Box 1996, Sudan.ORCID 0000-0001-7832-4556
Asma A BabikirDepartment of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Pharmacy Program, Al-Yarmouk College, Khartoum P.O. Box 11111, Sudan.
Maysoon M MirghaniDepartment of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Pharmacy Program, Al-Yarmouk College, Khartoum P.O. Box 11111, Sudan.
Entsar A MohamedDepartment of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Pharmacy Program, Al-Yarmouk College, Khartoum P.O. Box 11111, Sudan.
Wadah OsmanDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum P.O. Box 1996, Sudan.ORCID 0000-0003-4368-5161
Ramzi A MothanaDepartment of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0003-4220-7854
Rashid ElhagDepartment of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA.
International University of Africa · SDUniversity of Khartoum · SDFlorida Agricultural and Mechanical University · USKing Saud University · SA

Funding

King Saud University RSP2023R119
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundSelf-medication with antibiotics (SMA) is one of the common factors which precipitate antimicrobial resistance, yet if effective implementations are amended it can be effortlessly controlled. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence and predictors of SMA in Sudan.

methodsThe study adopted a cross-sectional study design conducted in all Sudan states between June and December 2021. Multi-stage stratified cluster sampling was used. A semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Descriptive statistics were used to present the data. Binary logistic regression was computed to investigate the possible factors which associated with SMA.

resultsOut of 1492 participants surveyed, 71.3% utilize antibiotics as self-medication. The derived reasons for SMA were convenience (63.3%) and cost-saving (34.8%). Tonsillitis was the most common ailment behind SMA (55.5%). Log-binominal regression revealed that non-insured and low level of education participants were more likely to predict SMA. Regarding the practice, 40% changed the dose and/or antibiotics mainly owing to improvement (53.7%) or worsening of the condition (37.9%). The most commonly used antibiotic was amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (32.5%).

conclusionsTwo out of three individuals in Sudan practice SMA mainly to manage upper respiratory tract ailments. Thus, the necessity of implementing an antimicrobial stewardship program throughout the country, as well as implementing effective legislation to prohibit dispensing antibiotics without prescription is urgently required.

Indexed as

antibiotic self-medicationantimicrobial resistanceSudan

Identifiers

PMID36978479
PMCPMC10045343
OpenAlexW4327948307

What OpenQuestion holds

Textfull text, public
LicenceCC BY
measurements read104
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.