ArticleFluids and barriers of the CNS2023
Immunohistochemical visualization of lymphatic vessels in human dura mater: methodological perspectives.
Article in Fluids and barriers of the CNS, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06852352 (A Prospective, Single-center, Single-arm, Exploratory, 24-Month Study to Confirm Efficacy of Modified Deep Cervical Lymphovenous Anastomosis), which is not on this map. Cited by 16 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Prospective, Single-center, Single-arm, Exploratory, 24-Month Study to Confirm Efficacy of Modified Deep Cervical Lymphovenous Anastomosis (LVA) in Subjects With Alzheimer's Disease/ Parkinson's Disease
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Central nervous system lymphatic network: from the maintenance of brain homeostasis to emerging therapeutic perspectives in neurodegenerative diseases.Translational neurodegeneration · 2026Review
- A Versatile Microfluidic Extrusion-Based Hydrogel Platform for Self-Organization and Long-Term Maintenance of Engineered 3D Lymphatic Endothelium.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Age-related development of meningeal lymphatic vessels in children assessed by 3D T2 FLAIR MRI.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Discovery of Abundant Nano-scale Lymphatic-like Vessels in Brains.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Serotype-specific tropism of adeno-associated viruses in dorsal meningeal lymphatic vessels via intra-cisterna magna delivery.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Anatomical and developmental insights into the dura mater: Implications for neurosurgery and endovascular therapy.Surgical neurology international · 2026Review
- Meningeal immunity and "Interstitial" therapy: a new paradigm for immunotherapy in glioblastoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Glymphatic-meningeal lymphatic system imbalance: a peripheral-to-central inflammatory bridge in perioperative neurocognitive disorders.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Aquaporins in the Capillaries of the Dura Mater of Pigs.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- CSF transport at the brain-meningeal border: effects on neurological health and disease.The Lancet. Neurology · 2025Review
- Meningeal lymphatic drainage: novel insights into central nervous system disease.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- MUSE and PROPELLER DWI for ADC in parasagittal dura: insights from high-resolution and reduced-distortion DWI.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Glymphatic-lymphatic coupling: assessment of the evidence from magnetic resonance imaging of humans.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2024Review
- Widespread distribution of lymphatic vessels in human dura mater remote from sinus veins.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2023Article
- Mechanisms behind changes of neurodegeneration biomarkers in plasma induced by sleep deprivation.Brain communications · 2023Article
- Editorial: Therapeutic relevance and mechanisms of neuro-immune communication in brain injury.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDespite greatly renewed interest concerning meningeal lymphatic function over recent years, the lymphatic structures of human dura mater have been less characterized. The available information derives exclusively from autopsy specimens. This study addressed methodological aspects of immunohistochemistry for visualization and characterization of lymphatic vessels in the dura of patients.
methodsDura biopsies were obtained from the right frontal region of the patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) who underwent shunt surgery as part of treatment. The dura specimens were prepared using three different methods: Paraformaldehyde (PFA) 4% (Method #1), paraformaldehyde (PFA) 0.5% (Method #2), and freeze-fixation (Method #3). They were further examined with immunohistochemistry using the lymphatic cell marker lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 (LYVE-1), and as validation marker we used podoplanin (PDPN).
resultsThe study included 30 iNPH patients who underwent shunt surgery. The dura specimens were obtained average 16.1 ± 4.5 mm lateral to the superior sagittal sinus in the right frontal region (about 12 cm posterior to glabella). While lymphatic structures were seen in 0/7 patients using Method #1, it was found in 4/6 subjects (67%) with Method #2, while in 16/17 subjects (94%) using Method #3. To this end, we characterized three types of meningeal lymphatic vessels: (1) Lymphatic vessels in intimate contact with blood vessels. (2) Lymphatic vessels without nearby blood vessels. (3) Clusters of LYVE-1-expressing cells interspersed with blood vessels. In general, highest density of lymphatic vessels were observed towards the arachnoid membrane rather than towards the skull.
conclusionsThe visualization of meningeal lymphatic vessels in humans seems to be highly sensitive to the tissue processing method. Our observations disclosed most abundant lymphatic vessels towards the arachnoid membrane, and were seen either in close association with blood vessels or remote from blood vessels.
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