ReviewBMC ophthalmology2023
The subjective controllability of exotropia and its effect on surgical outcomes in patients with intermittent exotropia.
Review in BMC ophthalmology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 3 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk Factors of Residual Exotropia After Surgery in Patients with Intermittent and Sensory Exotropia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Review
- Digital therapy using dichoptic visual perceptual learning to improve stereopsis in children with intermittent exotropia.Frontiers in digital health · 2026Article
- Impact of simultaneous eyelid and exotropia surgery on the surgical outcomes of pediatric patients with intermittent exotropia: a retrospective observational study.Journal of Yeungnam medical science · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
aimsWe evaluate the clinical characteristics of intermittent exotropia with controllability and compare surgical outcomes between patients with and without controllability.
methodsWe reviewed the medical records of patients aged 6-18 years with intermittent exotropia who underwent surgery between September 2015 and September 2021. Controllability was defined as the patient's subjective awareness of exotropia or diplopia associated with the presence of exotropia and ability to instinctively correct the ocular exodeviation. Surgical outcomes were compared between patients with and without controllability, with a favorable surgical outcome defined as an ocular deviation between ≤ 10 PD of exotropia and ≤ 4 PD of esotropia at distance and near.
resultsAmong 521 patients, 130 (25%, 130/521) had controllability. The mean age of onset (7.7 years) and surgery (9.9 years) were higher in patients with controllability than in those without controllability (p < 0.001). The mean control scores of patients with controllability (distance: 1.9, near: 1.5) were lower compared with patients without controllability (distance: 3.0, near: 2.2), reflecting a better level of control. Patients with controllability had a better surgical outcome than those without controllability, as analyzed by log-rank test (p < 0.001). Larger preoperative ocular exodeviation at distance (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.083, confidence interval [CI] = 1.018-1.151, p = 0.012) and near (HR = 1.102, CI = 1.037-1.172, p = 0.002) were significantly related to recurrence in patients with controllability.
conclusionsPatients with controllability showed better surgical outcomes, later exotropia onset, and better level of control than patients without controllability. Preoperative ocular exodeviation was a significant factor influencing favorable outcomes in patients with controllable exotropia.
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