ReviewToxins2023
Immunotoxicity of Three Environmental Mycotoxins and Their Risks of Increasing Pathogen Infections.
Review in Toxins, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed.
- Mycotoxin contamination in food and feed: Occurrence, co-occurrence, combined impacts on human and animal health, climate change implications, risk assessment, and mitigation strategies.Mycotoxin research · 2026Review
- Distinguishing cytotoxicity-associated and direct immunomodulatory effects of enniatins and beauvericin in human immune and intestinal cells.Mycotoxin research · 2026Article
- Mycotoxins as an Underestimated Honeybee Stressor: Aflatoxin, Contaminated Pollen, and Colony-Level Risk.Biology · 2026Review
- Biomonitoring of Occupational Exposure to Mycotoxins Among Swine Farm Workers: An Italian Pilot Study.Toxics · 2026Article
- Effects of Dietary Deoxynivalenol on Growth Performance, Immunity, Reproductive Hormones, and Microbiome-Metabolome Responses in Immature Gilts.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Targeting Mycotoxin Toxicity: From Molecular Mechanisms to Nutritional Interventions.Veterinary sciences · 2026Review
- Lack of significant impact of deoxynivalenol (DON) on both swine dendritic cell activities and systemic infection caused by a virulent Streptococcus suis serotype 2 strain.Veterinary research · 2026Article
- Smart Probiotic Solutions for Mycotoxin Mitigation: Innovations in Food Safety and Sustainable Agriculture.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Mycotoxin management in Sub-Saharan Africa: A comprehensive systematic review of policies and strategies in Malawi.Toxicology reports · 2025Review
- Comprehensive review for aflatoxin detoxification with special attention to cold plasma treatment.Mycotoxin research · 2025Review
- NutriClayJournal of food protection · 2025Article
- Aflatoxin B1 Exposure Suppresses the Migration of Dendritic Cells by Reshaping the Cytoskeleton.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Fungal impacts on Earth's ecosystems.Nature · 2025Review
- In Vivo Effectiveness ofMetabolites · 2025Article
- Ochratoxin A induces immunotoxicity by targeting Annexin A1 mediated neutrophil apoptosis in zebrafish.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Article
- Mycotoxins in Food: Cancer Risks and Strategies for Control.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Review
- A novel extraction method for three ochratoxins in human urine based on polystyrene/polyethersulfone electrospun nanofibers coated with copper nanoparticles.RSC advances · 2024Article
- Aflatoxin B1 and Epstein-Barr virus-induced CCL22 expression stimulates B cell infection.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), and deoxynivalenol (DON) are the three mycotoxins that have received the most scholarly attention and have been tested most routinely in clinics. These mycotoxins not only suppress immune responses but also induce inflammation and even increase susceptibility to pathogens. Here, we comprehensively reviewed the determining factors for the bidirectional immunotoxicity of the three mycotoxins, their effects on pathogens, and their action mechanisms. The determining factors include mycotoxin exposure doses and times, as well as species, sex, and some immunologic stimulants. Moreover, mycotoxin exposure can affect the infection severity of some pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Their specific action mechanisms include three aspects: (1) mycotoxin exposure directly promotes the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms; (2) mycotoxins produce toxicity, destroy the integrity of the mucosal barrier, and promote inflammatory response, thereby improving the susceptibility of the host; (3) mycotoxins reduce the activity of some specific immune cells and induce immune suppression, resulting in reduced host resistance. The present review will provide a scientific basis for the control of these three mycotoxins and also provide a reference for research on the causes of increased subclinical infections.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.