SynthesisAnnals of family medicine
Vaginal Swab vs Urine for Detection of
Synthesis in Annals of family medicine. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among Iranian women: A framework for targeted public health interventions.Parasitology research · 2026Pooled it
- Point-of-care Tests for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Review of the Literature.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Pooled it
- At-home specimen self-collection as an additional testing strategy for chlamydia and gonorrhoea: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.BMJ global health · 2024Pooled it
- Analysis of minimum inhibitory concentrations of azithromycin, ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin forEuro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2026Article
- Mechanisms, management and prevention of anorectal sexually transmitted infections.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2026Review
- Seek and you shall find! Prevalence and trends of chlamydial and gonococcal infections in a high-density urban area in Italy around the COVID era: a laboratory-based survey.Sexually transmitted infections · 2026Article
- Epidemiological analysis of sexually transmitted infections pathogens and related microorganisms in South Korea: coinfection patterns and pathogen correlations.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Among Adolescents and Adults With Behavioral Vulnerability in Western Kenya.Sexually transmitted diseases · 2026Article
- Changing epidemiology of reproductive tract infections in Western China: a three-phase retrospective study during the COVID-19 pandemic.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Vaginal Microbiota Dysbiosis and Infections: A Comprehensive Review of Microbial and Therapeutic Perspectives.International journal of women's health · 2026Review
- Sensitivity and specificity of the Cobas Liat CT/NG/MG nucleic acid test in a clinical laboratory setting and point-of-care location.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2025Observational
- A Narrative Review of Urine-Based Human Papillomavirus Screening: Performance, Challenges, and Opportunities to Expand Access in the United States.Sexually transmitted diseases · 2025Review
- UnveilingiScience · 2025Article
- A low-cost point-of-care device for the simultaneous detection of two sexually transmitted bacterial pathogens in vaginal swab samples.The Analyst · 2025Article
- Metabolic comparison of minimally to noninvasive urogenital sample types for studying gynecologic health: A pilot study.iScience · 2025Article
- Home-based self-collection of biological samples, including vaginal swabs: a mixed methods study for Britain's fourth National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-4).Sexually transmitted infections · 2025Article
- Risk factors for curable sexually transmitted infections among youth: findings from the STICH population survey in Zimbabwe.Sexually transmitted infections · 2024Article
- Clinical Updates in Sexually Transmitted Infections, 2024.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2024Review
- Screening for Chlamydia and Gonorrhea in Youth Correctional Facilities, Utah, USA.Emerging infectious diseases · 2024Review
- Detection ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purpose
methodsA systematic search of multiple databases from 1995 through 2021 identified studies that (1) evaluated commercially available assays, (2) presented data for women, (3) included data obtained from the same assay on both a urine specimen and a vaginal swab from the same patient, (4) used a reference standard, and (5) were published in English. We calculated pooled estimates for sensitivity and the corresponding 95% CIs for each pathogen as well as odds ratios for any difference in performance.
resultsWe identified 28 eligible articles with 30 comparisons for CT, 16 comparisons for NG, and 9 comparisons for TV. Pooled sensitivity estimates for vaginal swabs and urine, respectively, were 94.1% and 86.9% for CT, 96.5% and 90.7% for NG, and 98.0% and 95.1% for TV (all
conclusionsEvidence from this analysis supports the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's recommendation that vaginal swabs are the optimal sample type for women being tested for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and/or trichomoniasis.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.