ArticleSeminars in neurology2023
Dystonias: Clinical Recognition and the Role of Additional Diagnostic Testing.
Article in Seminars in neurology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Functional dystonia in a guitarist: diagnostic challenges and clinical reflections.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Article
- Article
- Advice to people with Parkinson's in my clinic: How to manage running-induced dystonia.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2025Review
- Trends, Hotspots, and Future Directions of Research on Pain in Dystonia: A Bibliometric Analysis.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- Pediatric Genetic Dystonias: Current Diagnostic Approaches and Treatment Options.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Article
- Review
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Dystonia is the third most common movement disorder, characterized by abnormal, frequently twisting postures related to co-contraction of agonist and antagonist muscles. Diagnosis is challenging. We provide a comprehensive appraisal of the epidemiology and an approach to the phenomenology and classification of dystonia, based on the clinical characteristics and underlying etiology of dystonia syndromes. We discuss the features of common idiopathic and genetic forms of dystonia, diagnostic challenges, and dystonia mimics. Appropriate workup is based on the age of symptom onset, rate of progression, whether dystonia is isolated or combined with another movement disorder or complex neurological and other organ system features. Based on these features, we discuss when imaging and genetic should be considered. We discuss the multidisciplinary treatment of dystonia, including rehabilitation and treatment principles according to the etiology, including when pathogenesis-direct treatment is available, oral pharmacological therapy, chemodenervation with botulinum toxin injections, deep brain stimulation and other surgical therapies, and future directions.
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