ArticleiScience2023
Controllable self-replicating RNA vaccine delivered intradermally elicits predominantly cellular immunity.
Article in iScience, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Alphavirus replicase and regulatory RNA elements in host interactions and viral vector engineering.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- "More" Artificial mRNAs: Beyond the Art of Nature.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- The advent of clinical self-amplifying RNA vaccines.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Review
- Replicon RNA vaccines: design, delivery, and immunogenicity in infectious diseases and cancer.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2025Review
- Emerging dendrimer-based RNA delivery strategies.Nanomedicine (London, England) · 2025Review
- Article
- Review
- Review
- Carrier-free mRNA vaccine induces robust immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in mice and non-human primates without systemic reactogenicity.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2024Article
- Review
- Adjuvant Novel Nanocarrier-Based Targeted Therapy for Lung Cancer.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- mRNA vaccine designs for optimal adjuvanticity and delivery.RNA biology · 2024Review
- A Phase I/II Clinical Trial of Intradermal, Controllable Self-Replicating Ribonucleic Acid Vaccine EXG-5003 against SARS-CoV-2.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Dendrimer-Mediated Delivery of DNA and RNA Vaccines.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
13 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Intradermal delivery of self-replicating RNA (srRNA) is a promising vaccine platform. We have developed an srRNA that functions optimally at around 33°C (skin temperature) and is inactivated at or above 37°C (core body temperature) as a safety switch. This temperature-controllable srRNA (c-srRNA), when tested as an intradermal vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, functions when injected naked without lipid nanoparticles. Unlike most currently available vaccines, c-srRNA vaccines predominantly elicit cellular immunity with little or no antibody production. Interestingly, c-srRNA-vaccinated mice produced antigen-specific antibodies upon subsequent stimulation with antigen protein. Antigen-specific antibodies were also produced when B cell stimulation using antigen protein was followed by c-srRNA booster vaccination. We have thus designed a pan-coronavirus booster vaccine that incorporates both spike-receptor-binding domains as viral surface proteins and evolutionarily conserved nucleoproteins as viral internal proteins, from both severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. c-srRNA may provide a route to activate cellular immunity against a wide variety of pathogens.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.