ArticleVaccine2023
Geographic proximity to immunization providers and vaccine series completion among children ages 0-24 months.
Article in Vaccine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Social Determinants of Childhood Vaccination Coverage in the United States Using National Immunization Survey Data From 2010 to 2023: Cross-Sectional Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2026Article
- Sociodemographic Risk Factors for Incomplete Routine Childhood Immunizations Among Children Born During the COVID-19 Pandemic, Louisiana, March 1, 2020-July 1, 2021.Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974) · 2026Article
- The adaptive large language models for vaccine prediction: A novel approach to vaccine demand prediction with engineered deviation prompts.PLOS digital health · 2026Article
- Zero-Dose Childhood Immunization in Conflict-Affected PSNP Districts of Ethiopia: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study.Gates open research · 2026Article
- Seroprevalence and Vaccination Determinants of Varicella Zoster Virus Among Pediatric and Adolescent Populations in Northern Lebanon.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Assessing Prevalence and Regional Disparities in Zero-Dose Immunization Among Children Aged 12-23 Months in Somalia.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2025Article
- Pediatric vaccination in pharmacies is not associated with delayed well-child visits among commercially insured children.Health affairs scholar · 2025Article
- Regional Disparities and Maternal Sociodemographic Determinants of Full Immunization Coverage Among Children Aged 12-23 Months in Nigeria: Insights from NDHS 2018.Pediatric health, medicine and therapeutics · 2025Article
- Efficacy of vaccination during pregnancy in reducing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in infants younger than 12 months. Puglia (Italy), 2021-23.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
- Vaccination againstVaccines · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesIn the U.S., vaccination coverage is lower in rural versus urban areas. Spatial accessibility to immunization services has been a suspected risk factor for undervaccination in rural children. Our objective was to identify whether geographic factors, including driving distance to immunization providers, were associated with completion of recommended childhood vaccinations.
methodsWe analyzed records from Montana's immunization information system for children born 2015-2017. Using geolocated address data, we calculated distance in road miles from children's residences to the nearest immunization provider. A multivariable log-linked binomial mixed model was used to identify factors associated with completion of the combined 7-vaccine series by age 24 months.
resultsAmong 26,085 children, 16,503 (63.3%) completed the combined 7-vaccine series by age 24 months. Distance to the nearest immunization provider ranged from 0 to 81.0 miles (median = 1.7; IQR = 3.2), with the majority (92.1%) of children living within 10 miles of a provider. Long distances (>10 miles) to providers had modest associations with not completing the combined 7-vaccine series (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR]: 0.97, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.96-0.99). After adjustment for other factors, children living in rural areas (measured by rural-urban commuting area) were significantly less likely to have completed the combined 7-vaccine series than children in metropolitan areas (aPR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.85-0.92).
conclusionsLong travel distances do not appear to be a major barrier to childhood vaccination in Montana. Other challenges, including limited resources for clinic-based strategies to promote timely vaccination and parental vaccine hesitancy, may have greater influence on rural childhood vaccination.
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