ArticlePLOS global public health2023
Changes in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in the first two years (2018 - 2020) of San Francisco's tax: A prospective longitudinal study.
Article in PLOS global public health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Controlled trial of a workplace sales ban on sugar-sweetened beverages.Public health nutrition · 2023Trial
- Impact of sugary drink taxes on beverage calories purchased in a national fast food restaurant chain: A quasi-experimental study.PLoS medicine · 2026Article
- An application of the augmented synthetic control method within a target trial framework: the case of the soda tax policy in California.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Consumption responses to sweetened beverage taxes by household income in four U.S. cities.Health economics · 2025Article
- Correction: Changes in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in the first two years (2018-2020) of San Francisco's tax: A prospective longitudinal study.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- City-Level Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes and Youth Body Mass Index Percentile.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Analyzing consumer behaviour towards food and nutrition labeling: A comprehensive review.Heliyon · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSugar sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes are a promising strategy to decrease SSB consumption, and their inequitable health impacts, while raising revenue to meet social objectives. In 2016, San Francisco passed a one cent per ounce tax on SSBs. This study compared SSB consumption in San Francisco to that in San José, before and after tax implementation in 2018. METHODS &
findingsA longitudinal panel of adults (n = 1,443) was surveyed from zip codes in San Francisco and San José, CA with higher densities of Black and Latino residents, racial/ethnic groups with higher SSB consumption in California. SSB consumption was measured at baseline (11/17-1/18), one- (11/18-1/19), and two-years (11/19-1/20) after the SSB tax was implemented in January 2018. Average daily SSB consumption (in ounces) was ascertained using the BevQ-15 instrument and modeled as both continuous and binary (high consumption: ≥6 oz (178 ml) versus low consumption: <6 oz) daily beverage intake measures. Weighted generalized linear models (GLMs) estimated difference-in-differences of SSB consumption between cities by including variables for year, city, and their interaction, adjusting for demographics and sampling source. In San Francisco, average SSB consumption in the sample declined by 34.1% (-3.68 oz, p = 0.004) from baseline to 2 years post-tax, versus San José which declined 16.5% by 2 years post-tax (-1.29 oz, p = 0.157), a non-significant difference-in-differences (-17.6%, adjusted AMR = 0.79, p = 0.224). The probability of high SSB intake in San Francisco declined significantly more than in San José from baseline to 2-years post-tax (AOR[interaction] = 0.49, p = 0.031). The difference-in-differences of odds of high consumption, examining the interaction between cities, time and poverty, was far greater (AOR[city*year 2*federal poverty level] = 0.12, p = 0.010) among those living below 200% of the federal poverty level 2-years post-tax.
conclusionsAverage SSB intake declined significantly in San Francisco post-tax, but the difference in differences between cities over time did not vary significantly. Likelihood of high SSB intake declined significantly more in San Francisco by year 2 and more so among low-income respondents.
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