ArticlePLOS global public health2023
Antiretroviral treatment failure and associated factors among people living with HIV on therapy in Homa Bay, Kenya: A retrospective study.
Article in PLOS global public health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Virologic failure and its determinants among HIV patients progress towards the third 95% global target in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Pooled it
- What leads to treatment failure among people living with HIV: first systematic review from the middle east and North Africa.Virology journal · 2025Pooled it
- Characterizing the HIV care continuum among children and adolescents with HIV in eastern and southern Africa in the era of "Universal Test and Treat": A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2025Pooled it
- HIV Social-network intervention more effective in older populations in Kenya.BMC public health · 2024Trial
- Assessing the Implementation and Potential Effects of the Nishauri mHealth Intervention on HIV Care Among Men in Homa Bay County, Kenya: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Effect of Antiretroviral Therapy, Immune Dysregulation, and COVID-19 Vaccination on SARS-CoV-2 Outcomes in PLWHA in Kenya.AIDS research and treatment · 2026Article
- Virological failure and risk factors among people living with HIV taking second-line ART in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.PloS one · 2026Article
- Predictors of virological outcomes in patients with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in Osogbo, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Z-DEA-FMEA: identifying effective strategies for optimizing the HIV drugs supply chain using multi-criteria decision-making approaches.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Effect of Machine Learning on Risk Stratification for Antiretroviral Treatment Failure in People Living with HIV.Infection and drug resistance · 2025Article
- Factors associated with completion of intensive adherence counseling among people living with HIV at a large referral hospital in Uganda: a retrospective analysis.BMC health services research · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Despite large numbers of patients accessing antiretroviral treatment (ART) in Kenya, few studies have explored factors associated with virologic failure in Western Kenya, specifically. We undertook a study in Homa Bay County, Kenya to assess the extent of virologic treatment failure and factors associated with it. This was an observational retrospective study conducted from September 2020 to January 2021. Data were abstracted from the records of patients who had been on ART for at least six months at the time of data collection after systematic sampling stratified by age group at ART initiation (0-14 and 15+ years), using probability proportion to the numbers of patients attending the facility. Confirmed viral treatment failure was defined as viral load ≥1000 copies/ml based on two consecutive viral load measurements after at least three months of enhanced adherence counseling. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Cox regression modeling. Of the 2,007 patients sampled, 160 (8.0%) had confirmed virologic treatment failure. Significantly higher virologic treatment failure rates were identified among male patients 78/830 (9.4%) and children 115/782 (14.7%). Factors associated with virologic treatment failure (VTF), were age 0-14 years, adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) 4.42, (95% Confidence Interval [CI], 3.12, 6.32), experience of treatment side effects AHD: 2.43, (95% CI, 1.76, 3.37), attending level 2/3 health facility, AHR: 1.87, (95% CI: 1.29, 2,72), and history of opportunistic infections (OIs), AHR: 1.81, (95% CI, 1.76, 3.37). Children, attendees of level 2/3 health facilities, patients with a history of OIs, and those experiencing treatment side-effects are at risk of VTF. Increased focus on children and adolescents on screening for drug resistance, administration of and adherence to medication, and on effective information and education on side-effects is critical. Additionally, there is need for increased training and support for health care workers at primary level care facilities.
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Registered trials
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