ArticlePLOS global public health2022
How Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) coverage influences out-of-pocket (OOP) payments by vulnerable populations in Indonesia.
Article in PLOS global public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Domestic resources for surgical care financing: a descriptive analysis of global health expenditure trends and illustrative case studies on fiscal mechanisms in LMICs.BMJ global health · 2026Article
- Public Oral Healthcare Utilisation and Its Associated Factors in Malaysian Adults: A Time-Series Analysis (1992-2019).International dental journal · 2026Article
- Socioeconomic inequalities in disability among older adults in urban and rural Indonesia: a population-based study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Wealth-based and rural-urban disparities in digestive diseases among indonesian adults: evidence from a cross-sectional analysis of the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS-5).BMC public health · 2026Article
- Temporal Trends in Vulvar Cancer Cases and Associated Factors of Adverse Clinical Features: A 6-year Retrospective Study From a Tertiary Hospital in Indonesia.International journal of women's health · 2026Article
- Strengthening Health Systems to Overcome Respiratory Infectious Diseases in Indonesia: A Comprehensive Review.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2026Review
- Can Indonesia achieve universal health coverage? Organisational and financing challenges in implementing the national health insurance system.SSM - health systems · 2025Article
- Changes in health insurance coverage and healthcare utilization of middle-aged and older adults after the transition from Seguro Popular to INSABI.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Understanding Surgeon Professionalism in Indonesia: A Qualitative Study in a Multicultural and Resource-Limited Context.Journal of advances in medical education & professionalism · 2025Article
- Health insurance coverage, healthcare use, and financial protection amongst people with disabilities in Indonesia: analysis of the 2021 National Socioeconomic Survey.The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2025Article
- An exploratory study of electronic medical record implementation and recordkeeping culture: the case of hospitals in Indonesia.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- The structural violence of cisgender norms: A participatory qualitative study of access to health and social welfare for older transgender women in Indonesia.International journal of transgender health · 2025Article
- Moving toward universal health coverage with a national health insurance program: A scoping review and narrative synthesis of experiences in eleven low- and lower-middle income countries.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Effect of medical insurance policy on child health indicators: an empirical test of difference-in-differences model.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- National health insurance membership in Indonesia: Do socio-economic elements matter?PloS one · 2025Article
- Estimating heterogeneous impacts Of subsidised health insurance: A causal machine learning approach.PloS one · 2025Article
- National Health Insurance Role in Hospital Utilisation in Disadvantaged Areas: Evidence from Indonesia.The Malaysian journal of medical sciences : MJMS · 2024Article
- Utilisation, out-of-pocket payments and access before and after COVID-19: Thailand's Universal Health Coverage Scheme.BMJ global health · 2024Review
- Income Disparity and Healthcare Utilization: Lessons from Indonesia's National Health Insurance Claim Data.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2023Article
- The inclusion of diagnostics in national health insurance schemes in Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines and Viet Nam.BMJ global health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
While Indonesia introduced a national health insurance scheme (JKN) in 2014 and coverage has grown to over 80% of the population, Indonesians still spend significant sums out-of-pocket (OOP) for their healthcare-over 30% of current health expenditure (CHE). This study aims to better understand how JKN is influencing OOP payments, especially among the poor and rural, at the range of health facilities. This study uses data from the National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) in 2018 and 2019, as these surveys started including a question on how much OOP spending a household incurs on health. The results show that households with JKN membership are far less likely than the uninsured to pay OOP for healthcare, and that if they do incur a cost, the magnitude of this cost is much lower among JKN households than uninsured ones. The results also show that JKN households in the two poorest quintiles have a higher probability to not incur any OOP (37% and 35%, respectively) compared to those in the wealthier quintiles 4 (32%) and 5 (30%). Poorer JKN households living in the eastern part of Indonesia-the less urbanized and developed regions-experienced the most cost-savings, though largely due to supply-side constraints. In fact, JKN members save more at public primary health care facilities vs. private ones (who often do not contract with JKN) and also save significantly more (over 50%) than uninsured households at both public and private hospitals. The study demonstrates the positive influence JKN has on OOP payments, especially among the poor and rural, but also highlights how the scheme needs to better engage with the growing private sector and invest in infrastructure in rural areas to help secure financial protection for its entire population.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.