ReviewAnatomical science international2023
Pelvic floor and perineal muscles: a dynamic coordination between skeletal and smooth muscles on pelvic floor stabilization.
Review in Anatomical science international, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07767357 (Comparative Effectiveness of Hydrotherapy and Land-Based Exercise on Pelvic Floor Muscle Endurance in Pregnant Women), which is not on this map. Cited by 27 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Comparative Effectiveness of Hydrotherapy and Land-Based Exercise on Pelvic Floor Muscle Endurance in Pregnant Women: A Retrospective Comparative Study
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed.
- Severity of perineal tears and deviations in perineal body anatomy: A three-dimensional ultrasound study.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2026Article
- Influence of Menopause on Mechanical Properties of Pelvic Floor and Lumbar Paravertebral Muscles: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study.International urogynecology journal · 2026Article
- Investigation of Core Stabilization Strength and Pelvic Floor Functions in Patients with Primary Sjögren's Syndrome: A Case-Control Study.International urogynecology journal · 2026Observational
- Macroscopical and histological characterization of the perineal membrane and deep perineal pouch.Journal of anatomy · 2026Article
- Two layers of fascia envelop the pudendal nerve canal: a cadaver study.International journal of colorectal disease · 2026Article
- Perineal Body Anatomy in Primiparas Assessed by Three-Dimensional Endovaginal and Endoanal Ultrasound: A Reliability Study.International urogynecology journal · 2026Article
- Perineal structural changes on 3-dimensional endovaginal ultrasound 6 months after difficult vaginal birth: the Hourglass-Band pattern and how it relates to levator ani avulsion and hiatus size.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2026Article
- Near-Infrared Spectroscopy as a Resource for Assessing the Rest and Activation of Pelvic Floor Muscles in Young Adult Women: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of biophotonics · 2026Article
- Article
- Shift work and hormonal-circadian disruption raise urinary incontinence: a narrative review.Gynecology and pelvic medicine · 2026Review
- Detection of Age-Related Pelvic Floor Fragility in Female Patients Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging.International urogynecology journal · 2025Article
- The Pelvic Proprioceptive Test (PP-Test): A Novel Pelvic Floor Evaluation in Female Athletes - A Reliability and Observational Study.Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions · 2025Observational
- Presence of smooth muscle continuous with the rectal and vaginal walls in the deep perineal space prompts reconsideration of the deep transverse perineal muscle.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Three-dimensional heterogeneity of smooth muscle fiber density anterior to the rectum in males: quantitative analysis with implications for transanal total mesorectal excision.International journal of colorectal disease · 2025Article
- Urinary Incontinence in Men and Women After Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Retrospective Observational Cohort Study.Cureus · 2025Article
- Three-dimensional Analysis of the Distribution of Smooth and Skeletal Muscle Tissue Around the Female Urethra.International urogynecology journal · 2025Article
- Sarcopenia and lower urinary tract diseases: links, mechanisms, and clinical implications.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- Contrast-enhanced Micro-CT imaging of a foetal female pelvic floor reveals anatomical details.PloS one · 2025Article
- Article
- Treatment Strategies for Painful Pelvic Floor Conditions: A Focus on the Potential Benefits of Cannabidiol.Biomolecules · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to present our researches on the pelvic outlet muscles, including the pelvic floor and perineal muscles, which are responsible for urinary function, defecation, sexual function, and core stability, and to discuss the insights into the mechanism of pelvic floor stabilization based on the findings. Our studies are conducted using a combination of macroscopic examination, immunohistological analysis, 3D reconstruction, and imaging. Unlike most previous reports, this article describes not only on skeletal muscle but also on smooth muscle structures in the pelvic floor and perineum to encourage new understanding. The skeletal muscles of the pelvic outlet are continuous, which means that they share muscle bundles. They form three muscle slings that pass anterior and posterior to the anal canal, thus serving as the foundation of pelvic floor support. The smooth muscle of the pelvic outlet, in addition to forming the walls of the viscera, also extends in three dimensions. This continuous smooth muscle occupies the central region of the pelvic floor and perineum, thus revising the conventional understanding of the perineal body. At the interface between the levator ani and pelvic viscera, smooth muscle forms characteristic structures that transfer the lifting power of the levator ani to the pelvic viscera. The findings suggest new concepts of pelvic floor stabilization mechanisms, such as dynamic coordination between skeletal and smooth muscles. These two types of muscles possibly coordinate the direction and force of muscle contraction with each other.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.