ArticlePediatrics2023
Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Among Children: 2011-2020.
Article in Pediatrics, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Absolute and Relative Effectiveness of Cell Culture-Based and Egg-Based Quadrivalent Inactivated Influenza (Flu) Vaccine Products From the 2014-2015 to 2018-2019 Seasons, US Flu VE Network.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Observational
- Influenza vaccine effectiveness against outpatient acute respiratory illness with laboratory-confirmed influenza, United States, 2024-25 season.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Influenza vaccine effectiveness against outpatient acute respiratory illness with laboratory-confirmed influenza, United States, 2024-25 season.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Among Children With and Without Underlying Conditions.Pediatrics · 2026Article
- Analysis of influenza A, influenza B andFrontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Influenza vaccine effectiveness among primary and secondary school students in Shenzhen during the 2023/24 influenza season.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Waning in influenza vaccine effectiveness against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-associated hospitalization in children in 2012/2013.Epidemiology and infection · 2025Article
- Article
- Analysis of the results of 13 combined pathogen detection in 3966 hospitalised children with acute lower respiratory tract infection.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Vaccination against rapidly evolving pathogens and the entanglements of memory.Nature immunology · 2024Review
- Population-Based Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Infection in Southern China, 2023-2024 Season.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Age-dependent heterogeneity in the antigenic effects of mutations to influenza hemagglutinin.Cell host & microbe · 2024Article
- Evaluating equity-promoting interventions to prevent race-based inequities in influenza outcomes.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Vaccine Effectiveness Against Pediatric Influenza-A-Associated Urgent Care, Emergency Department, and Hospital Encounters During the 2022-2023 Season: VISION Network.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Article
- Parental knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward vaccinating their children against influenza: a cross-sectional study from China.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Retrospective Analysis of RSV Infection in Pediatric Patients: Epidemiology, Comorbidities, Treatment, and Costs in Dubai (2014-2023).Journal of health economics and outcomes research · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesInfants and children are at increased risk of severe influenza virus infection and its complications. Influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) varies by age, influenza season, and influenza virus type/subtype. This study's objective was to examine the effectiveness of inactivated influenza vaccine against outpatient influenza illness in the pediatric population over 9 influenza seasons after the 2009 A(H1N1) pandemic.
methodsDuring the 2011-2012 through the 2019-2020 influenza seasons at outpatient clinics at 5 sites of the US Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network, children aged 6 months to 17 years with an acute respiratory illness were tested for influenza using real-time, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Vaccine effectiveness was estimated using a test-negative design.
resultsAmong 24 148 enrolled children, 28% overall tested positive for influenza, 3017 tested positive for influenza A(H3N2), 1459 for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, and 2178 for influenza B. Among all enrollees, 39% overall were vaccinated, with 29% of influenza cases and 43% of influenza-negative controls vaccinated. Across all influenza seasons, the pooled VE for any influenza was 46% (95% confidence interval, 43-50). Overall and by type/subtype, VE against influenza illness was highest among children in the 6- to 59-month age group compared with older pediatric age groups. VE was lowest for influenza A(H3N2) virus infection.
conclusionsAnalysis of multiple seasons suggested substantial benefit against outpatient illness. Investigation of host-specific or virus-related mechanisms that may result in differences by age and virus type/subtype may help further efforts to promote increased vaccination coverage and other influenza-related preventative measures.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.