Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36959332›Full record

SynthesisNeurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology2023

Comparison of immersive and non-immersive virtual reality for upper extremity functional recovery in patients with stroke: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Jie Hao, Zhengting He, Xin Yu, Andréas Remis

2 registry-linked trialsAbstract readSystematic ReviewNetwork Meta-Analysis
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 31 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
31citing papers in PubMed, 6 pooled it
7.7field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT06887231 narecruitingnot on this mapstarted 2025, after this paper: background citation

Virtual Reality (VR) Platform and Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) for Early Stroke Rehabilitation

TypeinterventionalSponsorMedical University of ViennaRan2025 to 2027Enrolled35ConditionsStrokeArmsVR+TENS, Conventional rehabilitation
NCT07534124 nacompletednot on this map

Non-Immersive Virtual Reality (MindMotion™ GO) Improves Upper Limb Motor Function in Chronic Left MCA Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversidad Complutense de MadridRan2022 to 2025Enrolled26ConditionsStroke, Rehabilitation, Upper Limb Paresis, Chronic Stroke PatientArmsNon-Immersive Virtual Reality Rehabilitation, Occupational Therapy
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

31 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 54 citations in OpenAlex.

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  3. Virtual Reality Therapy for Upper Limb Motor Impairments in Patients With Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Physiotherapy research international : the journal for researchers and clinicians in physical therapy · 2025
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  5. Combined robot-assisted therapy virtual reality for upper limb rehabilitation in stroke survivors: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.

Jie Hao *College of Allied Health Professions, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA. jie.hao.unmc@outlook.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1602-4686
Zhengting He *Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. zhe33@jhu.edu.
Xin YuBeijing Rehabilitation Medical College, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100144, China.
Andréas RemisGate Parkway Primary Care Center, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32256, USA.
Capital Medical University · CNJohns Hopkins University · USMayo Clinic in Florida · USNebraska Medical Center · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveThis systematic review aimed to compare the effects of immersive and non-immersive virtual reality on upper extremity function in stroke survivors by employing a network meta-analysis approach. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL Plus, APA PsycINFO, and Scopus were searched. Virtual reality was used for upper extremity rehabilitation; dose-matched conventional rehabilitation was used for comparison. Fugl-Meyer Assessment was used to assess upper extremity function. Searches were limited to English language randomized controlled trials.

methodsTwo independent reviewers conducted study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment. Methodological quality was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. A random-effects frequentist network meta-analysis was conducted by assuming a common random-effects standard deviation for all comparisons in the network.

resultsTwenty randomized controlled trials with 813 participants were included, with each study evaluated as good quality. Immersive virtual reality systems were most effective at improving upper extremity function, followed by non-immersive virtual reality systems, then non-immersive gaming consoles of Microsoft Kinect and Nintendo Wii. Conventional rehabilitation was least effective. Immersive virtual reality was estimated to induce 1.39 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.25, 2.53) and 1.38 (95% CI: 0.55, 2.20) standard mean differences of improvements in upper extremity function, compared to Nintendo Wii intervention and conventional rehabilitation, respectively.

conclusionThis systematic review and network meta-analysis highlights the superior effects of immersive virtual reality to non-immersive virtual reality systems and gaming consoles on upper extremity motor recovery.

Indexed as

StrokeStroke RehabilitationVirtual RealityHumansRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicRecovery of FunctionUpper ExtremityArmImmersionSimulationStrokeVirtual reality

Identifiers

PMID36959332
OpenAlexW4360609245

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.