Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36951137›Full record

ArticlePsychological medicine2023

Cannabis use and psychotic disorders in diverse settings in the Global South: findings from INTREPID II.

Joni Lee Pow, Casswina Donald, Marta di Forti, Tessa Roberts, Helen A Weiss, Olatunde Ayinde, Sujit John, Bola Olley, Akin Ojagbemi, Georgina Miguel Esponda and 15 more

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In one paragraph

Article in Psychological medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. The rising tide of drug-induced psychosis.Neuropsychiatrie : Klinik, Diagnostik, Therapie und Rehabilitation : Organ der Gesellschaft Osterreichischer Nervenarzte und Psychiater · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

25 authors.

Joni Lee PowDepartment of Psychiatry, University of the West Indies, Saint Augustine, Trinidad.ORCID 0000-0003-1123-733X
Casswina DonaldDepartment of Psychiatry, University of the West Indies, Saint Augustine, Trinidad.
Marta di FortiSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Tessa RobertsSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Helen A WeissCentre for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
Olatunde AyindeDepartment of Psychiatry, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Mental Health, Neurosciences and Substance Abuse, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Sujit JohnDepartment of Psychiatry, Schizophrenia Research Foundation, Chennai, India.
Bola OlleyDepartment of Psychiatry, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Mental Health, Neurosciences and Substance Abuse, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Akin OjagbemiDepartment of Psychiatry, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Mental Health, Neurosciences and Substance Abuse, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Georgina Miguel EspondaSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Joseph LamSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Paramasivam PoornachandrikaInstitute of Mental Health, Madras Medical College, Kilpauk, Chennai, India.
Paola DazzanNational Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK.
Fiona GaughranPsychosis Studies Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Palaniyandi Ponnusamy KannanDepartment of Psychiatry, Rajiv Gandhi General Hospital and Madras Medical College, Chennai, India.
Selvaraju SudhakarDepartment of Psychiatry, Chengelpet Medical College, Chengelpet, Tamil Nadu, India.
Jonathan BurnsMental Health Research Group, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
Bonginkosi ChilizaDepartment of Psychiatry, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa.
INTREPID Group
Alex CohenCentre for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
Oye GurejeDepartment of Psychiatry, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Mental Health, Neurosciences and Substance Abuse, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Rangaswamy TharaDepartment of Psychiatry, Schizophrenia Research Foundation, Chennai, India.
Robin M MurrayPsychosis Studies Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Craig MorganSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Gerard HutchinsonDepartment of Psychiatry, University of the West Indies, Saint Augustine, Trinidad.

Funding

Medical Research Council MR/P025927/1Medical Research Council MR/S003444/1Medical Research Council MR/X022242/1
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundCannabis use has been linked to psychotic disorders but this association has been primarily observed in the Global North. This study investigates patterns of cannabis use and associations with psychoses in three Global South (regions within Latin America, Asia, Africa and Oceania) settings.

methodsCase-control study within the International Programme of Research on Psychotic Disorders (INTREPID) II conducted between May 2018 and September 2020. In each setting, we recruited over 200 individuals with an untreated psychosis and individually-matched controls (Kancheepuram India; Ibadan, Nigeria; northern Trinidad). Controls, with no past or current psychotic disorder, were individually-matched to cases by 5-year age group, sex and neighbourhood. Presence of psychotic disorder assessed using the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry and cannabis exposure measured by the World Health Organisation Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST).

resultsCases reported higher lifetime and frequent cannabis use than controls in each setting. In Trinidad, cannabis use was associated with increased odds of psychotic disorder: lifetime cannabis use (adj. OR 1.58, 95% CI 0.99-2.53); frequent cannabis use (adj. OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.10-3.60); cannabis dependency (as measured by high ASSIST score) (adj. OR 4.70, 95% CI 1.77-12.47), early age of first use (adj. OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.03-3.27). Cannabis use in the other two settings was too rare to examine associations.

conclusionsIn line with previous studies, we found associations between cannabis use and the occurrence and age of onset of psychoses in Trinidad. These findings have implications for strategies for prevention of psychosis.

Indexed as

CannabisMarijuana AbusePsychotic DisordersCase-Control StudiesHumansNigeriacannabisfirst-onsetglobal mental healthpsychosisschizophrenia

Identifiers

PMID36951137
PMCPMC10719629

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.