ArticleOpen forum infectious diseases2023
COVID-19 and Outpatient Antibiotic Prescriptions in the United States: A County-Level Analysis.
Article in Open forum infectious diseases, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Impact of risk mitigation measures on oral fluoroquinolone prescribing: a multi-site population-based Canadian cohort study.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2026Article
- Spatiotemporal trends in tetracycline- and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-resistantEpidemiology and infection · 2026Article
- Using prescription medication utilization trends to evaluate health system resilience and inform future emergency preparedness.Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy · 2026Article
- Association between nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment and antibiotic prescribing in the outpatient setting among patients with COVID-19.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Article
- Trends in the antimicrobial susceptibility among Chinese neonates from 2012 to 2021: a multicenter study.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2024Article
- Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on community antibiotic consumption in the EU/European Economic Area: a changepoint analysis.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2023Article
- Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Community Consumption of Antibiotics for Systemic Use and Resistance of InvasiveAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Declines in outpatient antibiotic prescribing were reported during the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the United States; however, the overall impact of COVID-19 cases on antibiotic prescribing remains unclear. Methods: This was an ecological study using random-effects panel regression of monthly reported COVID-19 county case and antibiotic prescription data, controlling for seasonality, urbanicity, health care access, nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), and sociodemographic factors. Results: Antibiotic prescribing fell 26.8% in 2020 compared with prior years. Each 1% increase in county-level monthly COVID-19 cases was associated with a 0.009% (95% CI, 0.007% to 0.012%; Conclusions: The positive association of COVID-19 cases with prescribing for all ages and the negative association for children indicate that increases in prescribing occurred primarily among adults. The rarity of bacterial coinfection in COVID-19 patients suggests that a fraction of these prescriptions may have been inappropriate. Facemasks and school closures were correlated with reductions in prescribing among children, possibly due to the prevention of other upper respiratory infections. The strongest predictors of prescribing were prior years' prescribing trends, suggesting the possibility that behavioral norms are an important driver of prescribing practices.
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Registered trials
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