ArticleBMC psychiatry2023
Depression, anxiety, stress, and PTSD symptoms during the first and second COVID-19 waves: a comparison of elderly, middle-aged, and young people in Iran.
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of impacts of COVID-19 on depression and anxiety among general populations around the world.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- Global prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress in the elderly population: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC geriatrics · 2024Pooled it
- Epidemiology of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Iranian Population From 2019 to 2024: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Archives of Iranian medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Differential Effects of Psychogenic Stress on Bone Morphology and Metabolism in Wistar Rats.Journal of bone metabolism · 2026Article
- Direct and indirect burden of COVID-19 on mortality in Spain (2020 to 2022).BMC public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Beyond the pandemic: Posttraumatic stress and its association with physical and mental health outcomes among older adults in Egypt - a cross-sectional study.Belitung nursing journal · 2025Article
- Time Series Analysis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Military Veterans: A Literature Review and Pilot Study.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2025Article
- Factors Associated with Older People's Anxiety Symptom Positioning after COVID-19: Cross-Sectional Findings from a Canadian Sample.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Socio-economic factors associated with post-traumatic stress symptoms among adolescents and young people during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The association of calligraphy activities with peace of mind, stress self-management, and perceived health status in older adults.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- The empathy and stress mindset of healthcare workers: the chain mediating roles of self-disclosure and social support.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundA widespread outbreak of epidemics like Covid-19 is a lethal threat to physical and mental health. Recent studies reported a higher prevalence of mental problems in younger individuals, contrary to the general assumption expected in older people. Therefore, it is necessary to compare anxiety, stress, depression and PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) symptoms in different age groups during the Covid-19 crisis.
methodsA cross-sectional online survey was performed (from Dec. 2020 to Feb. 2021) on three age groups of elderly, middle-aged and young people. Data were collected by DASS-21 (Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale) and IES-R (Impact of Event Revised Scale) and analyzed using ANOVA, χ2 test and logistic regression analysis.
resultsOverall, 601 participants completed the questionnaires, including 23.3% of the elderly (≥ 60 years), 29.5% of the young (18-29 years) and 47.3% of the middle-aged (30-59 years) with 71.4% of women. The logistic regression analysis revealed that the risk of PTSD in young people was higher than in the elderly (β = 2.242, CI: 1.03-4.87, P = 0.041), while the risk of depression, anxiety and stress did not differ significantly among the three age groups. Female gender, occupation, lower economic status, solitary life, and chronic disease were risk factors for psychological symptoms during the Covid-19 pandemic.
conclusionFindings on the higher odds ratio of PTSD symptoms in younger individuals have interestingly potential implications to meet the needs of mental health services during Covid-19.
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