ArticleMaternal & child nutrition2023
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on infant feeding practices in the United States: Food insecurity, supply shortages and deleterious formula-feeding practices.
Article in Maternal & child nutrition, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploring the Experiences of Families Impacted by the 2022 Commercial Milk Formula (CMF) Food Insecurity Crisis in the United States of America: A Scoping Review.Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association · 2026Article
- Long-term breastfeeding mothers' perspectives on the warm chain's support.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Race, Breastfeeding Support, and the U.S. Infant Formula Shortage: An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Association between infant feeding practices, COVID-19 related cognitive factors, and postpartum depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional online study in Thailand.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Breastfeeding Among First-Time Mothers Reporting Housing Insecurity and Food Insecurity.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2025Article
- Practice changes and infant health risks during the 2022 infant formula shortage: Results of a US healthcare provider survey.Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · 2025Article
- A comparison of U.S. infant feeding policy changes to Global Breastfeeding Collective policy priorities.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Pediatric liver transplant for maple syrup urine disease a single center experience.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
- SPOOC (Sensor for Periodic Observation of Choline): An Integrated Lab-on-a-Spoon Platform for At-Home Quantification of Choline in Infant Formula.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2024Article
- Cyclic Formula Feeding Among Infants Participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.The Journal of nutrition · 2024Article
- Article
- Formula Feeding Practice and Associated Factors Among Mothers Who Visited Health Facilities for Their Infants Aged Below 6 Months in Bahir Dar City, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020 [Letter].International journal of general medicine · 2024Article
- Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on infant feeding practices in the United States: Food insecurity, supply shortages and deleterious formula-feeding practices.Maternal & child nutrition · 2023Article
- Infant feeding practices and parental perceptions during the 2022 United States infant formula shortage crisis.BMC pediatrics · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic increased food insecurity among US households, however, little is known about how infants, who rely primarily on human milk and/or infant formula, were impacted. We conducted an online survey with US caregivers of infants under 2 years of age (N = 319) to assess how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted breastfeeding, formula-feeding and household ability to obtain infant-feeding supplies and lactation support (68% mothers; 66% White; 8% living in poverty). We found that 31% of families who used infant formula indicated that they experienced various challenges in obtaining infant formula, citing the following top three reasons: the formula was sold out (20%), they had to travel to multiple stores (21%) or formula was too expensive (8%). In response, 33% of families who used formula reported resorting to deleterious formula-feeding practices such as diluting formula with extra water (11%) or cereal (10%), preparing smaller bottles (8%) or saving leftover mixed bottles for later (11%). Of the families who fed infants human milk, 53% reported feeding changes directly as a result of the pandemic, for example, 46% increased their provisioning of human milk due to perceived benefits for the infant's immune system (37%), ability to work remotely/stay home (31%), concerns about money (9%) or formula shortages (8%). Fifteen percent of families who fed human milk reported that they did not receive the lactation support they needed and 4.8% stopped breastfeeding. To protect infant food and nutrition security, our results underscore the need for policies to support breastfeeding and ensure equitable and reliable access to infant formula.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.