Does the rise in cases of Kyasanur forest disease call for the implementation of One Health in India?

The viral hemorrhagic illness known as Kyasanur forest disease (KFD), also referred to as monkey fever, is transmitted by ticks. The etiological agent, which was formerly isolated from monkeys, is Kyasanur forest disease virus (KFDV), an RNA virus belonging to the family Flaviviridae. Since 1957, India has reported 400-500 cases annually, with a case fatality rate of 1-3%. Shiroma, Chikkamagalore, Uttara Kannada, Dakshina Kannada, and Udupi are the five regions in Karnataka, India where KFD is highly prevalent, with around 3263 notified cases reported between 2003 and 2012, of which 823 cases were laboratory confirmed. The symptoms of monkey fever can range from mild sickness to severe neurological sequelae. Currently, prophylaxis involves administration of formalin-inactivated tissue culture vaccine. Despite the continuing vaccination programs in endemic areas for KFD, new cases are being reported. The current availability and effectiveness of the vaccine are not enough to provide protective immunity and thus prevent new outbreaks. Our study examined the known literature, knowledge gaps, and host responses associated with KFD. There is a need for robust vector control, public awareness campaigns, mass vaccination programmes, a full understanding of the eco-epidemiological elements of the disease, and implementation of a One Health program. These could all support prevention and management protocols, and thus help to address the issue.