Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36940682›Full record

Observational studyEuropean journal of public health2023

Alive and kicking: suicide rates and major soccer events in Austria, Germany and Switzerland.

Eva-Maria Pichler, Martin Ploederl, Lucas Rainer, Thomas S Gilhofer, Jonathan Michel, Jan Gerrit van der Stouwe, Thomas F Luescher, Christian M Schmied, Wolfram Kawohl, Jens Kronschnabel and 1 more

Open access · goldAbstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in European journal of public health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
0.9field-weighted citation impact, top 26% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed, 3 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.

Eva-Maria PichlerDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Services Aargau AG, Brugg-Windisch, Switzerland.
Martin PloederlDepartment of Inpatient Psychotherapy and Crisis Intervention, University Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Christian Doppler Clinic, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
Lucas RainerDepartment of Inpatient Psychotherapy and Crisis Intervention, University Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Christian Doppler Clinic, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
Thomas S GilhoferDepartment of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Jonathan MichelDepartment of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Jan Gerrit van der StouweDepartment of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Thomas F LuescherCenter for Molecular Cardiology Schlieren Campus, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland.
Christian M SchmiedDepartment of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Wolfram KawohlDepartment of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich Switzerland.
Jens KronschnabelDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Services Aargau AG, Brugg-Windisch, Switzerland.
David NiederseerDepartment of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.ORCID 0000-0003-3089-1222
University of Zurich · CHParacelsus Medical University · AT

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundMajor sporting events are postulated to reduce suicide rates by increased social connectedness, by identifying with winning teams, or, conversely, to increase suicide rates by the 'broken promise effect'.

methodsIn our observational epidemiological study, we investigated changes in suicide rates between 1970 and 2017 in Austria, Germany and Switzerland during the European and World Soccer Championships in general, and on days that the home team played, won or lost.

resultsCombining all three studied nations no statistically significant change in the incidence of daily suicides during soccer championships compared to a control period was noted (38.29 ± 9.02 vs. 37.33 ± 10.58; incidence risk ratio = 1.03; 95% confidence interval: 1.01-1.05, P = 0.05). Essentially, no differences in the expected directions were found, and none remained statistically significant after correcting for multiple comparisons in subgroups for country, age and gender in all three studied countries. Compared to a control period, neither a significant difference in the respective national suicide rate was found after Germany's four championship victories nor after Austria's emotional only win over Germany.

conclusionOur results do not support the assumption of increased social connectedness and, thus, lowered suicide risk during major sporting events or changes in suicide risk depending on the outcome of important games as predicted by the broken promise effect or changes in self-efficacy by identification with winning teams.

Indexed as

SoccerSuicideAustriaGermanyHumansSwitzerland

Identifiers

PMID36940682
PMCPMC10234653
OpenAlexW4327905837

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.