ReviewJournal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)2023
The role of tyrosine hydroxylase as a key player in neuromelanin synthesis and the association of neuromelanin with Parkinson's disease.
Review in Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Therapeutic Potential of MicroRNAs Delivered By Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, and Stroke: A Systematic Review of Preclinical Studies.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Pooled it
- Design and computational evaluation ofRSC advances · 2026Article
- Lactoperoxidase is a candidate for mediating neuromelanin formation in the human substantia nigra.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Article
- A unifying theory of brain signaling and its possible role in acquired chronic disease.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- The Enigma of Neuromelanin: How Animal Models Can Help Researchers to Understand the Link Between Pigments and Neurodegeneration.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Role of iron in brain development, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases.Annals of medicine · 2025Review
- Strabismus and nystagmus in oculocutaneous albinism: clinical perspectives, diagnosis, and role of neurotransmitters.Neurogenetics · 2025Review
- Levodopa treatment: impacts and mechanisms throughout Parkinson's disease progression.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2025Review
- Skeletal muscle reprogramming enhances reinnervation after peripheral nerve injury.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Design, Synthesis, and Anti-Melanogenic Activity of 2-Mercaptomethylbenzo[Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Inflammaging and Brain Aging.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Estrogen-immuno-neuromodulation disorders in menopausal depression.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Review
- The vicious circle between homocysteine, methyl group-donating vitamins and chronic levodopa intake in Parkinson's disease.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2024Review
- Toxic interactions between dopamine, α-synuclein, monoamine oxidase, and genes in mitochondria of Parkinson's disease.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2024Review
- A sporadic Parkinson's disease model via silencing of the ubiquitin-proteasome/E3 ligase component, SKP1A.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2024Review
- Synergistic Biomedical Potential and Molecular Docking Analyses of Coumarin-Triazole Hybrids as Tyrosinase Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis, In Vitro Profiling, and In Silico Studies.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Parkinson's Disease: Cells Succumbing to Lifelong Dopamine-Related Oxidative Stress and Other Bioenergetic Challenges.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- African Under-Utilized Medicinal Leafy Vegetables Studied by Microtiter Plate Assays and High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography-Planar Assays.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Skeletal muscle reprogramming enhances reinnervation after peripheral nerve injury.Research square · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The dark pigment neuromelanin (NM) is abundant in cell bodies of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and norepinephrine (NE) neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) in the human brain. During the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD), together with the degeneration of the respective catecholamine (CA) neurons, the NM levels in the SN and LC markedly decrease. However, questions remain among others on how NM is associated with PD and how it is synthesized. The biosynthesis pathway of NM in the human brain has been controversial because the presence of tyrosinase in CA neurons in the SN and LC has been elusive. We propose the following NM synthesis pathway in these CA neurons: (1) Tyrosine is converted by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) to L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), which is converted by aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase to DA, which in LC neurons is converted by dopamine β-hydroxylase to NE; (2) DA or NE is autoxidized to dopamine quinone (DAQ) or norepinephrine quinone (NEQ); and (3) DAQ or NEQ is converted to eumelanic NM (euNM) and pheomelanic NM (pheoNM) in the absence and presence of cysteine, respectively. This process involves proteins as cysteine source and iron. We also discuss whether the NM amounts per neuromelanin-positive (NM
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.