Observational studyClinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.)2023
The minor cannabinoid cannabigerol (CBG) is a highly specific blood biomarker of recent cannabis smoking.
Observational study in Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interpol review of forensic drug chemistry, 2022-2025.Forensic science international. Synergy · 2026Review
- Validation of a microsampling-compatible liquid-liquid extraction method for cannabinoid quantitation in 50 µL of whole blood using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.Journal of analytical toxicology · 2026Article
- Minor Cannabinoid Profile of Unregulated Cannabidiol Products.Cannabis and cannabinoid research · 2025Article
- Metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability of cannabigerol in horses following intravenous and oral administration with micellar and oil formulations.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Cannabigerol (CBG) signal enhancement in its analysis by gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry.Forensic toxicology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionThe determination of recent cannabis use is of forensic interest in the investigation of automotive crashes, workplace incidents and other mishaps. Because Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol may persist in blood after psychoactive effects of intoxication resolve, particularly in regular users, short-lived minor cannabinoids such as cannabigerol have merited examination as adjunct indicators of recent cannabis inhalation.
methodsAs part of an observational cohort study, whole blood cannabinoids including cannabigerol were measured in whole blood by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry at baseline, and 30 minutes after initiation of a 15-minute supervised interval of
resultsAt baseline, none of the occasional users had detectable cannabigerol (limit of detection = 0.2 µg/L), whereas cannabigerol was detectable post-smoking in 7 of 24 (29%). Among daily cannabis users, 2 of 32 (6%) had detectable cannabigerol at baseline, increasing to 21 of 32 (66%) post-smoking. The odds ratio for recent cannabis smoking associated with a detectable cannabigerol was 27 (95% confidence interval: 6.6, 110.3). In this mixed cohort of occasional and daily cannabis users, receiver operator characteristic curve analysis indicated that whole blood cannabigerol concentration of ≥ 0.2 µg/L had 96% specificity, 50% sensitivity, and 73% accuracy for identifying a 15-minute interval of
conclusionWhole blood cannabigerol may have forensic utility as a highly specific albeit insensitive biomarker of recent cannabis smoking.
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Registered trials
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