ArticleEuropean journal for philosophy of science2023
What are side effects?
Article in European journal for philosophy of science, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- DrugForm-TAS: Target-Agnostic Selectivity as Proteome-wide Binding Propensity Estimation.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2026Article
- Multimodal analgesia strategies enhance postoperative recovery and mitigate inflammatory responses in women undergoing elective surgery for endometrial cancer: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Comparative Study of Ni(II) Complexes with Dithiocarbazate- and Thiosemicarbazone-Based Ligands: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Anticancer Activity.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Advanced Strategies in Enhancing the Hepatoprotective Efficacy of Natural Products: Integrating Nanotechnology, Genomics, and Mechanistic Insights.ACS biomaterials science & engineering · 2025Review
- Practical Recommendations in the Treatment of Acute and Chronic Life-Threatening Infectious Diseases in Patients with Acute Hepatic Porphyria.Metabolites · 2025Review
- Nanomaterial-based Electrochemical Sensors for Multiplex Medicinal Applications.Current topics in medicinal chemistry · 2024Review
- Crowdsourcing-Based Knowledge Graph Construction for Drug Side Effects Using Large Language Models with an Application on Semaglutide.AMIA ... Annual Symposium proceedings. AMIA Symposium · 2024Article
- Exploring the Overlooked: Dutch Clinicians' Perspectives on Side Effects of Psychological Interventions.Clinical psychology & psychotherapyArticle
- Combination of GABA-derived short peptides and pregabalin in neuropathic pain: In vivo and in silico evaluation.Molecular painArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Side effects are ubiquitous in medicine and they often play a role in treatment decisions for patients and clinicians alike. Philosophers and health researchers often use side effects to illustrate issues with contemporary medical research and practice. However, technical definitions of 'side effect' differ among health authorities. Thus, determining the side effects of an intervention can differ depending on whose definition we assume. Here I review some of the common definitions of side effect and highlight their issues. In response, I offer an account of side effects as jointly (i) unintended and (ii) effects due to the causal capacities or invariances of an intervention. I discuss (i) by examining the intentions or reasons behind therapeutic interventions, and I discuss (ii) by appealing to a manipulationist model of causation. The analysis here highlights that side effects are conceptually distinct from related outcomes like adverse events, adverse drug reactions, and placebo effects. The analysis also allows for reflection on the utility of 'side effect' as a technical term in medical research and practice.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.