ArticleFrontiers in psychology2023
Adjustment and maladjustment to later life: Evidence about early experiences in the family.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- A cross-sectional historical study on the changes in self-esteem among Chinese adolescents from 1996 to 2019.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Pooled it
- Association of occupational balance and physical activity on life adjustment strategies among middle-aged Thai adults: a hierarchical modeling.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Reassessing Baumrind's framework: a systematic review of cultural adaptations and emerging parenting patterns in diverse societies.Psicologia, reflexao e critica : revista semestral do Departamento de Psicologia da UFRGS · 2026Review
- Raising Generation Z Children in China: Parenting Styles and Psychosocial Adjustment.Psychosocial intervention · 2025Article
- Emotional Abuse to Delinquent Tendencies: Comparative Study on Juveniles and Students in Punjab, Pakistan.Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2025Article
- Raising to conformity without strictness: is it achievable?Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Preliminary findings on psychometric properties of the adolescent story stem profile.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Parent-child attachment mediates the association between parental conflict perceptions and suicide intention: a cross-sectional survey among middle school students in China.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Early Family Experiences, Drug Use, and Psychosocial Adjustment across the Life Span: Is Parental Strictness Always a Protective Factor?Psychosocial intervention · 2024Article
- Parenting style and the non-cognitive development of high school student: evidence from rural China.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- Parental Socialization and Adjustment Components in Adolescents and Middle-Aged Adults: How are They Related?Psychology research and behavior management · 2023Article
- The association between authoritarian parenting style and peer interactions among Chinese children aged 3-6: an analysis of heterogeneity effects.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Parent-child attachment and mental health in young adolescents: a moderated mediation analysis.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- The Role of Maternal Personality Organization and of the p Factor in Predicting Parental Distress, the Quality of Parental Care, and Offspring's Dysregulation Symptoms.Psychology research and behavior management · 2023Article
- Parental warmth, adolescent emotion regulation, and adolescents' mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Effect of parental rearing styles on adolescent ego identity: the mediating role of involutionary attitudes.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Previous parenting studies with European-American families have identified optimal parenting as being based on warmth combined with strictness (i.e., authoritative parenting). The present study analyzes, in adolescents and adults, their adjustment and maladjustment related to age and their early experiences in the family. Methods: The sample consisted of 2,158 Spanish people (58.29% women): 624 adolescents, 630 young adults, 504 middle-aged adults, and 400 older adults. The families were classified into one of the four parental typologies (authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian, and neglectful) based on their scores in the two main dimensions (warmth and strictness). Child functioning was measured as components of adjustment (self-esteem, emotional self-concept, and empathy) and maladjustment (aggression and hostile sexism). Results: Overall, only adolescents and adult children raised in indulgent families reported the highest self-esteem, emotional self-concept, and empathy, and the lowest aggression and hostile sexism. Authoritative parenting (warmth with strictness) was related to a lower emotional self-concept and greater aggression and hostile sexism than indulgent parenting (warmth without strictness). The worst scores corresponded to authoritarian and neglectful parenting. Discussion: The present findings provide new evidence about early experiences in the family, even after parental socialization has ended. Interestingly, contrary to the main findings from classic studies with European-American families, only high parental warmth combined with low parental strictness (i.e., indulgent parenting) is always positive for greater adjustment and less maladjustment in all age groups.
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