SynthesisArchives of gynecology and obstetrics2024
Impact of progesterone on the immune system in women: a systematic literature review.
Synthesis in Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Long-Term Follow-up of Levonorgestrel Intrauterine Device for Atypical Hyperplasia and Early Endometrial Cancer Reveals Relapse Characterized by Immune Exhaustion.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2024Trial
- Effects of estrogen and progesterone on neuroactive steroids and cytokines in patients with suicidality.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2023Trial
- Breast cancer immunogenicity as a spectrum: evolving concepts and therapeutic implications.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- 'My HS is significantly impacted by my cycle': a cross-sectional study exploring the impact of menstruation and pregnancy on hidradenitis suppurativa.Skin health and disease · 2026Article
- Different mucosal immunity and hormonal responses to routine physical training in the follicular and the luteal phases of elite female athletes.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- Emerging roles of mJournal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2026Review
- Pre-Treatment with Estradiol, But not Progesterone, Exacerbates DSS Colitis: Dysregulated Innate Immunity and Impaired Epithelial Damage Response.Inflammation · 2026Article
- Evaluating the impact of inflammatory bowel disease on mental health during pregnancy: a retrospective survey study.Crohn's & colitis 360 · 2026Article
- The HIV Reservoir and Immune Landscape Across the Life Course of Women: Implications for Cure Strategies.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- The Gut-Vagina Axis.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Immunomodulatory Role of Natural Progesterone in Pregnancy: A Review.The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · 2026Review
- Gender differences and psychosocial stress in upper respiratory tract infections: insights from healthy and hematological cancer cohorts.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Preoperative onapristone-XR in postmenopausal women with progesterone receptor-positive (PgR+)/HER2-negative early breast cancer: SOLTI-1802 ONAWA trial results.NPJ breast cancer · 2026Article
- Immune Roles of Canonically Non-Immune Cells in Biomaterials Response.Cell biomaterials · 2026Article
- Pulmonary valve endocarditis in a postpartum patient: a case report of unconventional risk.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Article
- Molecular Mechanisms of Negative Effect of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus on Oogenesis and Meiotic Processes in Oocytes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Sex differences in immune modulation: implications for infection, inflammation, and nutritional supplementation.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- Association of Menopause and Hormonal Contraceptive Use With Chronic Rhinosinusitis: An "All of Us" Analysis.Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Article
- Hormonal contraceptives and the risk of meningioma: A Swedish register-based case-control study.Neuro-oncology · 2026Article
- Potential role for immune cell signatures as predictors of acute and chronic pain in adolescents post major musculoskeletal surgery.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThe immune system is influenced by many factors, including female sex hormones. The extent of this influence, however, is not completely understood so far. This systematic literature review aims at giving an overview of the existing concepts on how endogenous progesterone influences the female immune system along the menstrual cycle.
methodsThe inclusion criteria were healthy female subjects in their reproductive age with a regular menstrual cycle. The exclusion criteria were exogenous progesterone, animal models, nonhealthy study populations and pregnancy. This led to 18 papers covered in this review. The search was performed using the databases EMBASE, Ovid MEDLINE and Epub, and the last search was conducted on September 18, 2020. Our findings were analyzed in four categories: cellular immune defense, humoral immune defense, objective and subjective clinical parameters.
resultsWe demonstrated that progesterone acts in an immunosuppressive way, favoring a Th-2-like cytokine profile. Further, we showed that progesterone inhibits mast cell degranulation and relaxes smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, we found supporting evidence for a so-called window of vulnerability after ovulation, where immune functions are lowered and mediated through progesterone.
conclusionThe clinical relevance of these findings is not completely understood yet. As the sample sizes of included studies were rather small and the content of them was broad, further investigations are needed to define to which extent the described changes actually clinically meaningful, whether they are capable of influencing the female health and how these findings can be used to increase well-being.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.