Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36932338›Full record

ArticleBMC primary care2023

Barriers and facilitators of integration of pharmacists in the provision of clinical pharmacy services in Tanzania.

Manase Kilonzi, Ritah F Mutagonda, Hamu J Mlyuka, Dorkasi L Mwakawanga, Wigilya P Mikomangwa, Wema A Kibanga, Alphonce Ignace Marealle, Bertha Mallya, Deogratias Katabalo, Sofia Sanga and 9 more

Open access · goldFull text read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC primary care, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
11citing papers in PubMed
3.0field-weighted citation impact, top 9% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

11 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

Manase KilonziSchool of Pharmacy, the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. BOX 65013, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. manasekilonzi@gmail.com.
Ritah F MutagondaSchool of Pharmacy, the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. BOX 65013, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Hamu J MlyukaSchool of Pharmacy, the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. BOX 65013, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Dorkasi L MwakawangaSchool of Nursing, the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. BOX 65001, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Wigilya P MikomangwaSchool of Pharmacy, the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. BOX 65013, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Wema A KibangaSchool of Pharmacy, the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. BOX 65013, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Alphonce Ignace MarealleSchool of Pharmacy, the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. BOX 65013, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Bertha MallyaSchool of Pharmacy, the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. BOX 65013, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Deogratias KatabaloSchool of Pharmacy, the Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. BOX 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania.
Sofia SangaDepartment of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili National Hospital, P. O. BOX 65000, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Fredrick KalokolaSchool of Medicine, the Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. BOX 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania.
John RwegashaDepartment of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili National Hospital, P. O. BOX 65000, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Rose MagamboSchool of Pharmacy, the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. BOX 65013, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
John MmassyChristian Social Services Commission (CSSC), P.O BOX 9433, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Sungwa KabissiChristian Social Services Commission (CSSC), P.O BOX 9433, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Josephine A BalatiChristian Social Services Commission (CSSC), P.O BOX 9433, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Peter MadukiChristian Social Services Commission (CSSC), P.O BOX 9433, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
OmaryMashikuMinziSchool of Pharmacy, the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. BOX 65013, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Appolinary A R KamuhabwaSchool of Pharmacy, the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. BOX 65013, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences · TZCatholic University of Health and Allied Sciences · TZMuhimbili National Hospital · TZ

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundCollaboration between medical doctors and nurses in the provision of healthcare services has been there for decades. The concept of clinical pharmacy services as a main goal for pharmacy practice is relatively new and is yielding more positive results for healthcare providers (HCPs), patients, and the health system. This study assessed barriers and facilitators toward the integration of pharmacists in the provision of CPS in Tanzania.

methodsA qualitative study was conducted in five tertiary hospitals representing Tanzania mainland. Ten (10) focus group discussions (FGDs) with 83 HCPs and 14 in-depth interviews (IDIs) with hospital administrators in referral hospitals were conducted between August and September 2021. The experienced qualitative researchers moderated the IDIs and FGDs, and all discussions were audio-recorded. Finally, the audios were transcribed verbatim, and analysis was done using a thematic approach.

resultsLimited skills, lack of confidence, poor communication, inferiority, and superiority behaviors among HCPs were among the mentioned barriers. Shortage of pharmacists, lack of in-job training, standard operating procedures (SOPs), and guidelines were also mentioned. The study noted the high acceptability of CPS by other HCPs, the positive perception of pharmacists, and the recognition of CPS by the Tanzania Pharmacy Act and regulation.

conclusionThe facilitators and barriers to the integration of pharmacists in the provision of CPS lie at the individual, health facility, and health system levels. Therefore, the study recommends in-job pharmacists training, fostering teamwork among HCPs, and development of CPS SoPs, and guidelines.

Indexed as

PharmacistsPharmacy Service, HospitalAttitude of Health PersonnelHumansQualitative ResearchTanzaniaBarriersClinical pharmacy servicesFacilitatorsIntegrationPharmacistsTanzania

Identifiers

PMID36932338
PMCPMC10021921
OpenAlexW4327732809

What OpenQuestion holds

Textfull text, public
LicenceCC BY
measurements read2
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.