ReviewNature reviews. Microbiology2023
Composition and functions of bacterial membrane vesicles.
Review in Nature reviews. Microbiology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 351 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
351 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 500 citations in OpenAlex.
- Acinetobacter baumannii as a Model for the Study and Application of Gram-Negative Outer Membrane Vesicles: A Systematic Review.Microbial biotechnology · 2025Pooled it
- Probiotic extracellular vesicles reprogram macrophage immunometabolism: From gut crosstalk to host health.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Review
- Outer membrane vesicles fromVirulence · 2026Article
- Bacterial extracellular vesicles as emerging biostimulants in plant microbe signaling and stress tolerance.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2026Review
- Article
- Extracellular Vesicles from Lactic Acid Bacteria: Emerging Postbiotic Effectors in Host-Microbe Crosstalk.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Vesicle-associated exudates fromApplied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Role of bacterial outer membrane vesicles in immune evasion during infection.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Probiotic Extracellular Vesicles: Mechanisms of Immune Modulation and Therapeutic Opportunities in Atopic Dermatitis.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Local administration of polymyxin B-conjugated Akkermansia muciniphila outer membrane vesicles attenuate asthma by suppressing M2 macrophage polarization.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Article
- Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles as Regulators of the Gut Microbiome-Circadian Axis in Inflammatory and Metabolic Diseases.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Review
- The use of multi-species probiotic-derived vesicles to encapsulate luteolin for preventing colitis in a mouse model.iScience · 2026Article
- Article
- Cell senescence emerges as a hallmark and therapeutic target of chronic intracellular infection.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles at the Crossroads of Immune Regulation and Biofilm Dynamics: Biogenesis, Comparative Analysis, and Translational Challenges.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Autonomous intranasal delivery systems for central nervous system therapeutics.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Bacterial nanotubes extend from a tubeosome organelle to establish an intercellular bridge.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- DNA damage-associated vesicle production inJournal of bacteriology · 2026Article
- In Vitro and In Vivo Antibacterial Efficacy of a Ciprofloxacin Delivery System Based onAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
291 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are produced by species across all domains of life, suggesting that vesiculation represents a fundamental principle of living matter. In Gram-negative bacteria, membrane vesicles (MVs) can originate either from blebs of the outer membrane or from endolysin-triggered explosive cell lysis, which is often induced by genotoxic stress. Although less is known about the mechanisms of vesiculation in Gram-positive and Gram-neutral bacteria, recent research has shown that both lysis and blebbing mechanisms also exist in these organisms. Evidence has accumulated over the past years that different biogenesis routes lead to distinct types of MV with varied structure and composition. In this Review, we discuss the different types of MV and their potential cargo packaging mechanisms. We summarize current knowledge regarding how MV composition determines their various functions including support of bacterial growth via the disposal of waste material, nutrient scavenging, export of bioactive molecules, DNA transfer, neutralization of phages, antibiotics and bactericidal functions, delivery of virulence factors and toxins to host cells and inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. We also discuss the advantages of MV-mediated secretion compared with classic bacterial secretion systems and we introduce the concept of quantal secretion.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.