Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36931681›Full record

Observational studyBMJ open2023

Secular trends of epidemiologic patterns of chronic kidney disease over three decades: an updated analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

Xiaojin Feng, Ningning Hou, Zhenna Chen, Jing Liu, Xue Li, Xiaodong Sun, Yongping Liu

Open access · goldAbstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in BMJ open, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
42citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
13.5field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

42 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 68 citations in OpenAlex.

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  17. "Kidney international reports · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Xiaojin FengDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China.
Ningning HouDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China.
Zhenna ChenDepartment of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China.
Jing LiuDepartment of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China.
Xue LiDepartment of Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China.
Xiaodong SunDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China lypfree@hotmail.com xiaodong.sun@wfmc.edu.cn.
Yongping LiuDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China lypfree@hotmail.com xiaodong.sun@wfmc.edu.cn.ORCID 0000-0002-6466-483X
Weifang Medical University · CNAffiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine · CN

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesTo assess the characteristics of the global death burden imposed by chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2019 to help inform a framework for policy discussions, resource allocation and research priorities.

designA population-based observational study.

settingThe death data and relative risk factors were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019 database.

main outcome measuresBased on the GBD database, we estimated the death burden attributable to CKD stratified by sociodemographic index (SDI), geographic location, sex, age group, time period and risk factors from 1990 to 2019.

resultsOver three decade study period, the global number of CKD-related deaths increased from 0.60 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 0.57-0.63 million) in 1990 to 1.43 million (95% UI: 1.31-1.52 million) in 2019. The age-standardised death rate (ASDR) of CKD, among all causes, increased from 15th in 1990 to 10th in 2019. Globally, the ASDR in males was higher than that in females. CKD-related deaths mainly occurred in those aged over 50 years, especially in regions with higher SDIs. The ASDR was negatively related to SDI (ρ=-0.603, p<0.0001). Among risk factors, metabolic risk factors, especially systolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose and body mass index, were the main contributors to CKD-related deaths. Although the high-temperature-related death burden was low, the trend increased sharply in lower SDI regions.

conclusionsCKD-related deaths continue to increase, with the majority occurring in elderly adults. The CKD-related death burden is higher in males than in females. Additionally, the increasing high-temperature-related death burdens in lower SDI regions should receive social attention.

Indexed as

Global Burden of DiseaseRenal Insufficiency, ChronicAdultAgedFemaleGlobal HealthHumansMaleMiddle AgedQuality-Adjusted Life YearsRisk Factorschronic renal failureepidemiologypublic health

Identifiers

PMID36931681
PMCPMC10030786
OpenAlexW4327811781

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.