ArticleBMJ paediatrics open2023
Risk factors for early language delay in children within a minority ethnic, bilingual, deprived environment (Born in Bradford's Better Start): a UK community birth cohort study.
Article in BMJ paediatrics open, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Reimagining early years services to address childhood inequities: learning from the Born in Bradford evaluation of a Better Start Bradford.BMJ paediatrics open · 2026Review
- Children with speech and language delay aged 2-10 Years in Palestine: A case-control study of socio-demographic, biological, familial, and environmental factors.SAGE open medicine · 2026Article
- Determinants of speech and language delay among children aged 12 months to 12 years at Yekatit 12 Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a case-control study.BMC pediatrics · 2024Article
- Mortality, morbidity and educational outcomes in children of consanguineous parents in the Born in Bradford cohort.Wellcome open research · 2024Article
- Review
- A randomised controlled feasibility trial of an early years language development intervention: results of the 'outcomes of Talking Together evaluation and results' (oTTer) project.Pilot and feasibility studies · 2023Article
- Examining Early Vocabulary Growth Trajectories in Late Talkers in a Low-Income Longitudinal Sample.Infancy : the official journal of the International Society on Infant StudiesArticle
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4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
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Abstract
backgroundPreschool language skills and language delay predict academic and socioemotional outcomes. Children from deprived environments are at a higher risk of language delay, and both minority ethnic and bilingual children can experience a gap in language skills at school entry. However, research that examines late talking (preschool language delay) in an ethnically diverse, bilingual, deprived environment at age 2 is scarce.
methodsData from Born in Bradford's Better Start birth cohort were used to identify rates of late talking (≤10th percentile on the Oxford-Communicative Development Inventory: Short) in 2-year-old children within an ethnically diverse, predominantly bilingual, deprived UK region (N=712). The relations between known demographic, maternal, distal and proximal child risk factors, and language skills and language delay were tested using hierarchical linear and logistic regression.
resultsA total of 24.86% of children were classified as late talkers. Maternal demographic factors (ethnicity, born in UK, education, financial security, employment, household size, age) predicted 3.12% of the variance in children's expressive vocabulary. Adding maternal language factors (maternal native language, home languages) and perinatal factors (birth weight, gestation) to the model predicted 3.76% of the variance. Adding distal child factors (child sex, child age) predicted 11.06%, and adding proximal child factors (receptive vocabulary, hearing concerns) predicted 49.51%. Significant risk factors for late talking were male sex (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.38 to 3.09), receptive vocabulary delay (OR 8.40, 95% CI 4.99 to 14.11) and parent-reported hearing concerns (OR 7.85, 95% CI 1.90 to 32.47). Protective factors were increased household size (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.77 to 0.95) and age (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.96).
conclusionsAlmost one in four children living in an ethnically diverse and deprived UK area have early language delay. Demographic factors explained little variance in early vocabulary, whereas proximal child factors held more predictive value. The results indicate further research on early language delay is warranted for vulnerable groups.
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