ArticleFrontiers in health services2022
Reflections on 10 years of effectiveness-implementation hybrid studies.
Article in Frontiers in health services, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 214 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
214 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Individual versus group-based interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of physical activity, functional, psychosocial and health outcomes.Nature human behaviour · 2026Pooled it
- Doula Care and Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review.JAMA network open · 2026Pooled it
- Implementing mental health interventions in perinatal home visiting programs: a systematic review of the literature.Archives of women's mental health · 2026Pooled it
- Implementation strategies for embedding patient-reported outcome and experience measures (PROMs/PREMs) in routine care: secondary analysis of an umbrella review.Journal of patient-reported outcomes · 2026Pooled it
- Midwife continuity of care models versus other models of care for childbearing women.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Implementation Research on Determinants and Strategies of Effective HIV Interventions for Men Who Have Sex with Men in the United States.Annual review of psychology · 2024Pooled it
- Exploring implementation and sustainability of a community paramedicine model to reduce hospitalizations: a pragmatic randomized trial.BMC health services research · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Implementation outcomes of a symptom management intervention in ambulatory oncology practices evaluated using a cluster randomized stepped-wedge trial design.Implementation science : IS · 2025Trial
- Comparing Implementation and Effectiveness Outcomes for Two Implementation Strategies of the Keep It Up! Digital HIV Prevention Program: A Type 3 Hybrid Effectiveness-Implementation Trial.AIDS and behavior · 2025Trial
- Exploring Implementation Processes of a Multicomponent Family Support Intervention in Intensive Care Units (FICUS) Study: A Mixed-Methods Process Evaluation.Journal of advanced nursing · 2025Trial
- Cost and clinical flow of point-of-care urine tenofovir testing for treatment monitoring among people living with HIV initiating ART in South Africa.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Understanding the implementation process of the Adult Day Services Plus program.BMC geriatrics · 2025Trial
- A Randomized Hybrid-Effectiveness Trial Comparing Pharmacogenomics (PGx) to Standard Care: The PGx Applied to Chronic Pain Treatment in Primary Care (PGx-ACT) Trial.Clinical and translational science · 2025Trial
- Treating self-harm behaviors in prisons: implementation of the STEPPS program.BMC psychology · 2025Trial
- Change starts with the body: Interoceptive appreciation mediates the effect of mindfulness training on behavior change - an effect moderated by depression severity.Psychiatry research · 2024Trial
- Scaling and sustaining COVID-19 vaccination through meaningful community engagement and care coordination for underserved communities: hybrid type 3 effectiveness-implementation sequential multiple assignment randomized trial.Implementation science : IS · 2023Trial
- Pilot Test of the Forming Love around Autistic people to Prevent Suicide Program.Autism in adulthood · 2026Article
- Evaluation and Implementation of the Gamified Jooay Mobile Health App: Protocol for a Hybrid Implementation-Effectiveness Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
154 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
This article provides new reflections and recommendations from authors of the initial effectiveness-implementation hybrid study manuscript and additional experts in their conceptualization and application. Given the widespread and continued use of hybrid studies, critical appraisals are necessary. The article offers reflections across five conceptual and methodological areas. It begins with the recommendation to replace the term "design" in favor of "study." The use of the term "design" and the explicit focus on trial methodology in the original paper created confusion. The essence of hybrid studies is combining research questions concerning intervention effectiveness and implementation within the same study, and this can and should be achieved by applying a full range of research designs. Supporting this recommendation, the article then offers guidance on selecting a hybrid study type based on evidentiary and contextual information and stakeholder concerns/preferences. A series of questions are presented that have been designed to help investigators select the most appropriate hybrid type for their study situation. The article also provides a critique on the hybrid 1-2-3 typology and offers reflections on when and how to use the typology moving forward. Further, the article offers recommendations on research designs that align with each hybrid study type. Lastly, the article offers thoughts on how to integrate costs analyses into hybrid studies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.