ArticleNeurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation2023
Inflammatory Activity After Diverse Fertility Treatments: A Multicenter Analysis in the Modern Multiple Sclerosis Treatment Era.
Open access · goldAbstract readMulticenter Study
In one paragraph
Article in Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
21citing papers in PubMed
4.9field-weighted citation impact, top 4% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- UK consensus on pregnancy in multiple sclerosis: An update to 'Association of British Neurologists' guidance.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2026Review
- Reproductive, Dietary, and Physical Activity Factors Associated With Multiple Sclerosis: A Case-Control Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Multiple Sclerosis in Women: Impact of Different Life Stages on Treatment Decisions.CNS drugs · 2026Review
- Sex and gender-related differences in neurological diseases: current challenges and recommendations for clinical practice.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- Relapse activity after assisted reproductive technology treatments in women with multiple sclerosis: a nationwide cohort study in Denmark.Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry · 2025Article
- Assisted Reproduction Therapy in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: Narrative Review and Practical Recommendations.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The role of neuroactive steroids in psychiatric and neurological disorders: Neurobiology and therapeutic perspectives.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2025Review
- Motherhood and diagnostic delay among women with multiple sclerosis.Journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Sex-Related Differences in Lifestyle Factors Affecting Multiple Sclerosis Susceptibility and Disease Progression.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Impact of sex on multiple sclerosis therapy.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2025Review
- A Real-World Prospective Multiple Sclerosis Pregnancy Registry in the United States: PREG-MS.Neurology. Clinical practice · 2025Article
- Assessing the Risk of Relapse After In Vitro Fertilization in Women With Multiple Sclerosis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Exploring the role of sex hormones and gender diversity in multiple sclerosis.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2025Article
- Patient-centered pregnancy planning in multiple sclerosis: evidence for a new era.Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria · 2024Review
- Evaluation of ovarian reserve and the assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycles' outcome as well as the relapse rate within one year after ART in women with multiple sclerosis: a case-control study.Journal of ovarian research · 2024Article
- [XVI Post-ECTRIMS Meeting: review of the new developments presented at the 2023 ECTRIMS Congress (II)].Revista de neurologia · 2024Article
- Practical Considerations for Managing Pregnancy in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: Dispelling the Myths.Neurology. Clinical practice · 2024Review
- Hormonal Therapies in Multiple Sclerosis: a Review of Clinical Data.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2024Review
- Assisted Reproductive Technology and Disease Management in Infertile Women with Multiple Sclerosis.CNS drugs · 2023Review
- Monoclonal Antibodies in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Review and an Updated Clinical Guide.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Edith L GrahamFrom the Department of Neurology (E.L.G., G.P.G., C.J.B.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (J.B.B., E.S.J.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; UCSF Weill Institute for the Neurosciences (A.A., B.O., R.B.), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF); Division of Biostatistics (N.L.), Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Feinberg School of Medicine (A.D.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.C.V.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; UCSF Center for Reproductive Health (E.M.-L., D.H.), Mission Bay Campus, San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (D.J.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Neurology (T.B.K., M.K.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA. edith.graham@northwestern.edu.ORCID 0000-0001-6862-5531
Jennifer B BakkensenFrom the Department of Neurology (E.L.G., G.P.G., C.J.B.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (J.B.B., E.S.J.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; UCSF Weill Institute for the Neurosciences (A.A., B.O., R.B.), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF); Division of Biostatistics (N.L.), Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Feinberg School of Medicine (A.D.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.C.V.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; UCSF Center for Reproductive Health (E.M.-L., D.H.), Mission Bay Campus, San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (D.J.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Neurology (T.B.K., M.K.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.
Annika AndersonFrom the Department of Neurology (E.L.G., G.P.G., C.J.B.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (J.B.B., E.S.J.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; UCSF Weill Institute for the Neurosciences (A.A., B.O., R.B.), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF); Division of Biostatistics (N.L.), Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Feinberg School of Medicine (A.D.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.C.V.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; UCSF Center for Reproductive Health (E.M.-L., D.H.), Mission Bay Campus, San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (D.J.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Neurology (T.B.K., M.K.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.ORCID 0000-0002-7288-6344
Nicola LanckiFrom the Department of Neurology (E.L.G., G.P.G., C.J.B.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (J.B.B., E.S.J.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; UCSF Weill Institute for the Neurosciences (A.A., B.O., R.B.), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF); Division of Biostatistics (N.L.), Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Feinberg School of Medicine (A.D.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.C.V.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; UCSF Center for Reproductive Health (E.M.-L., D.H.), Mission Bay Campus, San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (D.J.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Neurology (T.B.K., M.K.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.
Anne DavidsonFrom the Department of Neurology (E.L.G., G.P.G., C.J.B.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (J.B.B., E.S.J.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; UCSF Weill Institute for the Neurosciences (A.A., B.O., R.B.), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF); Division of Biostatistics (N.L.), Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Feinberg School of Medicine (A.D.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.C.V.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; UCSF Center for Reproductive Health (E.M.-L., D.H.), Mission Bay Campus, San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (D.J.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Neurology (T.B.K., M.K.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.
Gina Perez GiraldoFrom the Department of Neurology (E.L.G., G.P.G., C.J.B.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (J.B.B., E.S.J.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; UCSF Weill Institute for the Neurosciences (A.A., B.O., R.B.), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF); Division of Biostatistics (N.L.), Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Feinberg School of Medicine (A.D.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.C.V.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; UCSF Center for Reproductive Health (E.M.-L., D.H.), Mission Bay Campus, San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (D.J.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Neurology (T.B.K., M.K.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.
Emily S JungheimFrom the Department of Neurology (E.L.G., G.P.G., C.J.B.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (J.B.B., E.S.J.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; UCSF Weill Institute for the Neurosciences (A.A., B.O., R.B.), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF); Division of Biostatistics (N.L.), Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Feinberg School of Medicine (A.D.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.C.V.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; UCSF Center for Reproductive Health (E.M.-L., D.H.), Mission Bay Campus, San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (D.J.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Neurology (T.B.K., M.K.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.
Anna C VanderhoffFrom the Department of Neurology (E.L.G., G.P.G., C.J.B.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (J.B.B., E.S.J.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; UCSF Weill Institute for the Neurosciences (A.A., B.O., R.B.), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF); Division of Biostatistics (N.L.), Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Feinberg School of Medicine (A.D.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.C.V.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; UCSF Center for Reproductive Health (E.M.-L., D.H.), Mission Bay Campus, San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (D.J.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Neurology (T.B.K., M.K.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.
Bridget OstremFrom the Department of Neurology (E.L.G., G.P.G., C.J.B.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (J.B.B., E.S.J.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; UCSF Weill Institute for the Neurosciences (A.A., B.O., R.B.), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF); Division of Biostatistics (N.L.), Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Feinberg School of Medicine (A.D.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.C.V.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; UCSF Center for Reproductive Health (E.M.-L., D.H.), Mission Bay Campus, San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (D.J.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Neurology (T.B.K., M.K.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.
Evelyn Mok-LinFrom the Department of Neurology (E.L.G., G.P.G., C.J.B.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (J.B.B., E.S.J.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; UCSF Weill Institute for the Neurosciences (A.A., B.O., R.B.), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF); Division of Biostatistics (N.L.), Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Feinberg School of Medicine (A.D.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.C.V.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; UCSF Center for Reproductive Health (E.M.-L., D.H.), Mission Bay Campus, San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (D.J.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Neurology (T.B.K., M.K.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.
David HuangFrom the Department of Neurology (E.L.G., G.P.G., C.J.B.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (J.B.B., E.S.J.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; UCSF Weill Institute for the Neurosciences (A.A., B.O., R.B.), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF); Division of Biostatistics (N.L.), Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Feinberg School of Medicine (A.D.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.C.V.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; UCSF Center for Reproductive Health (E.M.-L., D.H.), Mission Bay Campus, San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (D.J.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Neurology (T.B.K., M.K.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.
Carolyn J BevanFrom the Department of Neurology (E.L.G., G.P.G., C.J.B.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (J.B.B., E.S.J.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; UCSF Weill Institute for the Neurosciences (A.A., B.O., R.B.), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF); Division of Biostatistics (N.L.), Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Feinberg School of Medicine (A.D.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.C.V.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; UCSF Center for Reproductive Health (E.M.-L., D.H.), Mission Bay Campus, San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (D.J.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Neurology (T.B.K., M.K.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.
Dina JacobsFrom the Department of Neurology (E.L.G., G.P.G., C.J.B.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (J.B.B., E.S.J.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; UCSF Weill Institute for the Neurosciences (A.A., B.O., R.B.), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF); Division of Biostatistics (N.L.), Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Feinberg School of Medicine (A.D.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.C.V.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; UCSF Center for Reproductive Health (E.M.-L., D.H.), Mission Bay Campus, San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (D.J.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Neurology (T.B.K., M.K.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.
Tamara B KaplanFrom the Department of Neurology (E.L.G., G.P.G., C.J.B.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (J.B.B., E.S.J.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; UCSF Weill Institute for the Neurosciences (A.A., B.O., R.B.), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF); Division of Biostatistics (N.L.), Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Feinberg School of Medicine (A.D.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.C.V.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; UCSF Center for Reproductive Health (E.M.-L., D.H.), Mission Bay Campus, San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (D.J.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Neurology (T.B.K., M.K.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.
Maria K HoutchensFrom the Department of Neurology (E.L.G., G.P.G., C.J.B.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (J.B.B., E.S.J.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; UCSF Weill Institute for the Neurosciences (A.A., B.O., R.B.), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF); Division of Biostatistics (N.L.), Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Feinberg School of Medicine (A.D.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.C.V.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; UCSF Center for Reproductive Health (E.M.-L., D.H.), Mission Bay Campus, San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (D.J.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Neurology (T.B.K., M.K.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.ORCID 0000-0001-6077-0654
Riley BoveFrom the Department of Neurology (E.L.G., G.P.G., C.J.B.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (J.B.B., E.S.J.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; UCSF Weill Institute for the Neurosciences (A.A., B.O., R.B.), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF); Division of Biostatistics (N.L.), Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Feinberg School of Medicine (A.D.), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.C.V.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; UCSF Center for Reproductive Health (E.M.-L., D.H.), Mission Bay Campus, San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology (D.J.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Neurology (T.B.K., M.K.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.ORCID 0000-0002-2034-8800
Northwestern University · US
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesPatients with multiple sclerosis (MS) may seek fertility treatment (FT)-including in vitro fertilization (IVF). Variable relapse risk after IVF has been reported in small historical cohorts, with more recent studies suggesting no change in annualized relapse rate (ARR). The objective of this study was to evaluate ARR 12 months pre-FT and 3 months post-FT in a multicenter cohort and identify factors associated with an increased risk of relapse.
methodsPatients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) or MS aged 18-45 years with at least 1 FT from January 1, 2010, to October 14, 2021, were retrospectively identified at 4 large academic MS centers. The exposed period of 3 months after FT was compared with the unexposed period of 12 months before FT. FTs included controlled ovarian stimulation followed by fresh embryo transfer (COS-ET), COS alone, embryo transfer (ET) alone, and oral ovulation induction (OI). The Wilcoxon signed rank test and mixed Poisson regression models with random effects were used to compare ARR pre-FT vs post-FT, with the incidence rate ratio (IRR) and 95% CI reported.
resultsOne hundred twenty-four FT cycles among 65 patients with MS (n = 56) or CIS (n = 9) were included: 61 COS-ET, 19 COS alone, 30 ET alone, and 14 OI. The mean age at FT was 36.5 ± 3.8 years, and the mean disease duration was 8.2 ± 5.0 years. Across 80 cycles with COS, only 5 relapses occurred among 4 unique patients within 3 months of treatment. The mean ARR after COS and before was not different (0.26 vs 0.25, DISCUSSION: In this modern multicenter cohort of patients with MS undergoing diverse FTs, which included 43% on DMTs, we did not observe an elevated relapse risk after FT.
Indexed as
Multiple SclerosisFemaleFertilization in VitroHumansIncidenceOvulation InductionPregnancyRetrospective Studies
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