ArticleAIDS and behavior2023
HIV Testing by Gender Identity Among Sexually Active Transgender-, Intersex-, and Hijra Individuals Reached Online in India.
Article in AIDS and behavior, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 2 citations in OpenAlex.
- HIV Testing Service Utilization Among Transgender Communities: Insights from a Respondent-Driven Sampling Survey in India.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- The effect of sexual orientation, gender identity, and marital intention on HIV prevention outcomes among MSM students in Southeast China.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Laser hair removal to antiretrovirals: findings from a person-centred care model for transgender people in India.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Online outreach may be an important strategy to reach Indian gender minority (GM) populations for HIV testing. However, little is known about Indian GM populations reached online who are sexually active and their HIV testing behaviors. We conducted a secondary analysis of an India wide online cross-sectional survey to assess HIV testing and identify associated factors. The 467 GM respondents identified their gender as transgender women (29.6%), Hijra (5.1%), intersex (37%), or gender non-binary (28.3%). Overall, almost half (47.5%) had never been tested for HIV; among respondents having condomless anal sex, half (50%) reported never testing for HIV. A decreased odds of ever HIV testing was associated with being unsure how to access free testing (compared to being easy; AOR = 0.36, 95%CI 0.20, 0.63) and unaware of comfortable testing sites (AOR = 0.32, 95% CI 0.20, 0.63). Increased odds of testing were associated with identifying as Hijra (compared to transgender women; AOR = 4.07, 95%CI 1.18-16.92) and disclosing sexual behaviors to a doctor (AOR = 3.20, 95% CI 1.91, 5.46). In this GM sample recruited online, HIV testing rates were low. Online interventions are needed to engage individuals with diverse GM identities in India for linkage to accessible and acceptable HIV testing options.
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