ArticleCrohn's & colitis 3602023
Corticosteroids Increase the Risk of Invasive Fungal Infections More Than Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Inhibitors in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Article in Crohn's & colitis 360, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Gut Mycobiome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review of Case-Control Studies.Inflammatory bowel diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Ulcerated skin nodules and oral erosions with tumor necrosis factor blocker therapy.JAAD case reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Routine Blood Biomarkers of Aspergillosis in Cancer Patients in Jiangxi, China.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Article
- Review
- Endemic Mycoses for Pulmonary Clinicians: From Nodules to ARDS.CHEST pulmonary · 2025Review
- Increased fungal burden in the gastrointestinal tract of brain-dead organ donors.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Endotoxaemia in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus induces low-density granulocytes and extracellular traps of innate immune cells.Lupus science & medicine · 2025Article
- Insights into fungal diversity and dynamics of vaginal mycobiota.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2025Article
- Incidence and Risk Factors for Invasive Fungal Infections in Patients Initiating Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Inhibitors for Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Rheumatoid Arthritis.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Article
- Recent innovations and challenges in the treatment of fungal infections.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Mucosal Immunity to Gut Fungi in Health and Inflammatory Bowel Disease.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Digging into the Histology.The New England journal of medicine · 2023Article
- An Overview of Diagnostic and Management Strategies for Talaromycosis, an Underrated Disease.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Invasive fungal infections are a devastating complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment. We aimed to determine the incidence of fungal infections in IBD patients and examine the risk with tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors (anti-TNF) compared with corticosteroids. Methods: In a retrospective cohort study using the IBM MarketScan Commercial Database we identified US patients with IBD and at least 6 months enrollment from 2006 to 2018. The primary outcome was a composite of invasive fungal infections, identified by ICD-9/10-CM codes plus antifungal treatment. Tuberculosis (TB) infections were a secondary outcome, with infections presented as cases/100 000 person-years (PY). A proportional hazards model was used to determine the association of IBD medications (as time-dependent variables) and invasive fungal infections, controlling for comorbidities and IBD severity. Results: Among 652 920 patients with IBD, the rate of invasive fungal infections was 47.9 cases per 100 000 PY (95% CI 44.7-51.4), which was more than double the TB rate (22 cases [CI 20-24], per 100 000 PY). Histoplasmosis was the most common invasive fungal infection (12.0 cases [CI 10.4-13.8] per 100 000 PY). After controlling for comorbidities and IBD severity, corticosteroids (hazard ratio [HR] 5.4; CI 4.6-6.2) and anti-TNFs (HR 1.6; CI 1.3-2.1) were associated with invasive fungal infections. Conclusions: Invasive fungal infections are more common than TB in patients with IBD. The risk of invasive fungal infections with corticosteroids is more than double that of anti-TNFs. Minimizing corticosteroid use in IBD patients may decrease the risk of fungal infections.
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Registered trials
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