ReviewHuman cell2023
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) as an undetermined tool in tumor cells.
Review in Human cell, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Nanocarrier-based delivery of Pt(IV) compounds for chemoimmunotherapy and theranostics: Advances, challenges, and prospects.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- PLCXD2 expression relates to the immune microenvironment and prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective cohort study.Translational cancer research · 2025Article
- Immune evasion in cancer: mechanisms and cutting-edge therapeutic approaches.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Investigation of the CTLA-4-CD28 Axis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Advances in Immunotherapy and Targeted Therapy of Malignant Melanoma.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Harnessing the tumor microenvironment: targeted cancer therapies through modulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2025Review
- Advancements in Immunotherapeutic Treatments for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Potential of Combination Therapies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- The combination of IDO and AHR blockers reduces the migration and clonogenicity of breast cancer cells.Immunologic research · 2024Article
- Immunotherapy Innovations in the Fight against Osteosarcoma: Emerging Strategies and Promising Progress.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- Landscape of unconventional γδ T cell subsets in cancer.Molecular biology reports · 2024Review
- Regulatory TCells · 2023Review
- IDO blockade negatively regulates the CTLA-4 signaling in breast cancer cells.Immunologic research · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment, the function of T cells is a fate-changer for tumor progression. In the meantime, CD28 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) are vital role players in the controlling activity of T cells as an activator and deactivator, respectively. In T cells in comparison to CD28, the molecular mechanism of CTLA-4 is unclear. In addition, despite the fact that most tumor cell types express CTLA-4, its role in tumor cells is not well understood and only few studies focused on the role of CTLA-4 signaling in tumor cells. It is illustrated that CTLA-4 signaling causes PD-L1 expression in tumor cells. However, numerous characteristics of CTLA-4 signaling in tumor cells are ambiguous and require to be described. In this article, we proposed that the CTLA-4 signaling during immunotherapy with anti-CTLA-4 antibodies may cause poor responses by patients. In addition, we attract attention to several fundamental questions regarding CTLA-4 signaling in tumor cells. Overall, the CTLA-4 signaling function and the related gaps about its role in tumor cells in the present review are challenged.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.