Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36906124›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases2023

Facility- and ward-level factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks among residents in long-term care facilities: A retrospective cohort study.

Famke Houben, Casper D J den Heijer, Nicole H T M Dukers-Muijrers, Anna M J Daamen, Noraly S Groeneveld, Guillaume C M Vijgen, Mark J M Martens, Ron W H Heijnen, Christian J P A Hoebe

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
1.7field-weighted citation impact, top 16% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed, 4 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. First nationwide point-prevalence survey on healthcare-associated infections and antibiotic use in long-term care facilities, Switzerland, September 2024.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2025
    Article
  3. Article
  4. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.

Famke HoubenDepartment of Social Medicine, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Sexual Health, Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health, South Limburg Public Health Service, P.O. Box 33, 6400 AA Heerlen, the Netherlands. Electronic address: f.houben@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
Casper D J den HeijerDepartment of Social Medicine, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Sexual Health, Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health, South Limburg Public Health Service, P.O. Box 33, 6400 AA Heerlen, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Nicole H T M Dukers-MuijrersDepartment of Sexual Health, Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health, South Limburg Public Health Service, P.O. Box 33, 6400 AA Heerlen, the Netherlands; Department of Health Promotion, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Anna M J DaamenCicero Care Group, P.O. Box 149, 6440 AC Brunssum, the Netherlands; Department of Family Medicine, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Noraly S GroeneveldSevagram, Henri Dunantstraat 3, 6419 PB Heerlen, the Netherlands; Department of Advanced Nursing Practice, Faculty of Health Care, Zuyd University of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 550, 6400 AN Heerlen, the Netherlands.
Guillaume C M VijgenMeander Group South Limburg, P.O. Box 2690, 6401 DD Heerlen, the Netherlands.
Mark J M MartensDepartment of Elderly Care Physicians, Zuyderland Care, P.O. Box 5500, 6130 MB Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; Department of Palliative Care (TOPAT), Zuyderland Medical Centers, P.O. Box 5500, 6130 MB Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands.
Ron W H HeijnenEnvida Group, P.O. Box 241, 6200 AE Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Christian J P A HoebeDepartment of Social Medicine, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Sexual Health, Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health, South Limburg Public Health Service, P.O. Box 33, 6400 AA Heerlen, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Maastricht University · NLMaastricht University Medical Centre · NLMeanderGroep Zuid-Limburg · NLZuyderland Medisch Centrum · NLZuyd University of Applied Sciences · NL

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesLong-term care facilities (LTCFs) have been disproportionately impacted by COVID-19. Yet, the reasons why certain LTCFs are affected more by outbreaks are poorly understood. This study aimed to identify the facility- and ward-level factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks among LTCF residents.

methodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of multiple Dutch LTCFs (N = 60; with 298 wards providing care for ∼5600 residents) from September 2020 to June 2021. A dataset was constructed linking SARS-CoV-2 cases among LTCF residents to facility- and ward-level factors. Multilevel logistic regression analyses examined the associations between these factors and the likelihood of a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak among residents.

resultsDuring periods of the Classic variant, the mechanical recirculation of air was associated with significantly increased odds of a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. During periods of the Alpha variant, the factors associated with significantly increased odds included large ward size (≥21 beds), wards providing psychogeriatric care, fewer restrictions on staff movement between wards and facilities, and a greater number of cases among staff (>10 cases).

conclusionPolicy and protocols on reducing resident density, staff movement, and mechanical recirculation of air in buildings are recommended to enhance outbreak preparedness in LTCFs. The implementation of low-threshold preventive measures among psychogeriatric residents is important because they appear as a particularly vulnerable group.

Indexed as

COVID-19SARS-CoV-2Disease OutbreaksHumansLong-Term CareRetrospective StudiesCOVID-19Disease outbreaksLong-term careNursing homesRisk factorsSARS-CoV-2

Identifiers

PMID36906124
PMCPMC9995386
OpenAlexW4323664648

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.