ArticleThe Science of the total environment2023
Characterization of 3D printing filaments containing metal additives and their particulate emissions.
Article in The Science of the total environment, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- 3D Printing Filament Composition, Emissions, and Induced Proinflammatory Responses.Chemical research in toxicology · 2026Article
- Particle and Chemical Emissions During Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) Using Commercial ABS- and PET-G-Based Filaments.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Effect of Print Orientation on the Tribological Behavior of a Steel Powder-Modified Thermoplastic.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Lung cell toxicological effects of 3D printer aerosolized filament byproducts.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2025Article
- Dermal and oral exposure risks to heavy metals from 3D printing metal-fill thermoplastics.The Science of the total environment · 2023Article
- A customized anthropomorphic 3D-printed phantom to reproducibility assessment in computed tomography: an oncological case study.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Article
- A pilot study of occupational exposure to ultrafine particles during 3D printing in research laboratories.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) filaments are widely used in fused filament fabrication (FFF) processes (3D printing). Filament additives such as metallic particles incorporated into PLA to modify functional and aesthetic features of print objects are becoming increasingly popular. However, the identities and concentrations of low percentage and trace metals in these filaments have not been well described in either the literature or product safety information included with the product. We report the structures and concentrations of metals in selected Copperfill, Bronzefill and Steelfill filaments. We also report size-weighted number concentrations and size-weighted mass concentrations of particulate emissions as a function of print temperature for each filament. Particulate emissions were heterogenous in shape and size with airborne particles below 50 nm diameter dominating the size-weighted particle concentrations and larger particles (approximately 300 nm) dominating the mass weighted particle concentration. Results indicate that potential exposure to particles in the nano-size range increase when using print temperatures above 200
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Registered trials
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