ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2023
Indirect Time-of-Flight with GHz Correlation Frequency and Integrated SPAD Reaching Sub-100 µm Precision in 0.35 µm CMOS.
Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- 320 × 240 SPAD Direct Time-of-Flight Image Sensor and Camera Based on In-Pixel Correlation and Switched-Capacitor Averaging.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Correlation-Assisted Pixel Array for Direct Time of Flight.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
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3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to prove the suitability of integrated single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD)-based indirect time-of-flight (iTOF) for sub-100 µm precision depth sensing using a correlation approach with GHz modulation frequencies. For this purpose, a prototype containing a single pixel consisting of an integrated SPAD, quenching circuit, and two independent correlator circuits was fabricated in a 0.35 µm CMOS process and characterized. It achieved a precision of 70 µm and a nonlinearity of less than 200 µm at a received signal power of less than 100 pW. Sub-mm precision was achieved with a signal power of less than 200 fW. These results and the simplicity of our correlation approach underline the great potential of SPAD-based iTOF for future depth sensing applications.
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