Smart Cementitious Sensors with Nano-, Micro-, and Hybrid-Modified Reinforcement: Mechanical and Electrical Properties.

The current paper presents the results of an experimental study of carbon nano-, micro-, and hybrid-modified cementitious mortar to evaluate mechanical performance, energy absorption, electrical conductivity, and piezoresistive sensibility. Three amounts of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), namely 0.05 wt.%, 0.1 wt.%, 0.2 wt.%, and 0.3 wt.% of the cement mass, were used to prepare nano-modified cement-based specimens. In the microscale modification, 0.05 wt.%, 0.5 wt.%, 1.0 wt.% carbon fibers (CFs) were incorporated in the matrix. The hybrid-modified cementitious specimens were enhanced by adding optimized amounts of CFs and SWCNTs. The smartness of modified mortars, indicated by their piezoresistive behavior, was investigated by measuring the changes in electrical resistivity. The effective parameters that enhance the composites' mechanical and electrical performance are the different concentrations of reinforcement and the synergistic effect between the types of reinforcement used in the hybrid structure. Results reveal that all the strengthening types improved flexural strength, toughness, and electrical conductivity by about an order of magnitude compared to the reference specimens. Specifically, the hybrid-modified mortars presented a marginal reduction of 1.5% in compressive strength and an increase in flexural strength of 21%. The hybrid-modified mortar absorbed the most energy, 1509%, 921%, and 544% more than the reference mortar, nano-modified mortar, and micro-modified mortar, respectively. The change rate of impedance, capacitance, and resistivity in piezoresistive 28-day hybrid mortars improved the tree ratios by 289%, 324%, and 576%, respectively, for nano-modified mortars and by 64%, 93%, and 234%, respectively, for micro-modified mortars.