ReviewBiological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging2023
Reliability and Validity of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-Electroencephalography Biomarkers.
Review in Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed.
- Neural effects of TMS trains on the human prefrontal cortex.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- Precision in Delivery, Variability in Response: A Multiscale Mechanistic Framework for Neuronavigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Clinical utility and prospective of TMS-EEG: Updated review from an international expert group.Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- Task-related differences in network connectivity and dynamics in people with severe opioid use disorder compared with healthy controls.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Exploratory EEG-TMS Study Reveals Altered Behavioral Function in Individuals Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Lightweight EEG Phase Prediction Based on Channel Attention and Spatio-Temporal Parallel Processing.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- Noninvasive profiling of input-output excitability curves in human prefrontal cortex.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Translating neurophysiological biomarkers into clinical tools: A psychometric blueprint illustrated with the error-related negativity.The American psychologist · 2025Review
- Sensory Entrained TMS (seTMS) Enhances Motor Cortex Excitability.Human brain mapping · 2025Article
- Prefrontal Oscillatory Slowing in Early-Course Schizophrenia Is Associated With Worse Cognitive Performance and Negative Symptoms: A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-Electroencephalography Study.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2025Article
- Theta-burst direct electrical stimulation remodels human brain networks.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Real-time optimization to enhance noninvasive cortical excitability assessment in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Stability of transcranial magnetic stimulation electroencephalogram evoked potentials in pediatric epilepsy.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Biomarker development perspective: Exploring comorbid chronic pain in depression through deep transcranial magnetic stimulation.Journal of translational internal medicine · 2024Article
- Reliability of the TMS-evoked potential in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2024Article
- Closed-Loop Brain Stimulation.Biological psychiatry · 2024Review
- Evoked EEG Responses to TMS Targeting Regions Outside the Primary Motor Cortex and Their Test-Retest Reliability.Brain topography · 2024Article
- Neural effects of TMS trains on the human prefrontal cortex.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- TMS provokes target-dependent intracranial rhythms across human cortical and subcortical sites.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Natural Oscillatory Frequency Slowing in the Premotor Cortex of Early-Course Schizophrenia Patients: A TMS-EEG Study.Brain sciences · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Noninvasive brain stimulation and neuroimaging have revolutionized human neuroscience with a multitude of applications, including diagnostic subtyping, treatment optimization, and relapse prediction. It is therefore particularly relevant to identify robust and clinically valuable brain biomarkers linking symptoms to their underlying neural mechanisms. Brain biomarkers must be reproducible (i.e., have internal reliability) across similar experiments within a laboratory and be generalizable (i.e., have external reliability) across experimental setups, laboratories, brain regions, and disease states. However, reliability (internal and external) is not alone sufficient; biomarkers also must have validity. Validity describes closeness to a true measure of the underlying neural signal or disease state. We propose that these metrics, reliability and validity, should be evaluated and optimized before any biomarker is used to inform treatment decisions. Here, we discuss these metrics with respect to causal brain connectivity biomarkers from coupling transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with electroencephalography (EEG). We discuss controversies around TMS-EEG stemming from the multiple large off-target components (noise) and relatively weak genuine brain responses (signal), as is unfortunately often the case in noninvasive human neuroscience. We review the current state of TMS-EEG recordings, which consist of a mix of reliable noise and unreliable signal. We describe methods for evaluating TMS-EEG biomarkers, including how to assess internal and external reliability across facilities, cognitive states, brain networks, and disorders and how to validate these biomarkers using invasive neural recordings or treatment response. We provide recommendations to increase reliability and validity, discuss lessons learned, and suggest future directions for the field.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.