ArticleMedicine and science in sports and exercise2023
Froude Efficiency and Velocity Fluctuation in Forearm-Amputee Front Crawl: Implications for Para Swimming Classification.
Article in Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 2 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of Unilateral Forearm Amputation on Fluid Torques and Body Roll in Front Crawl Swimming and the Implications for Performance.Medicine and science in sports and exercise · 2026Article
- Effect of Central Motor and Neuromuscular Impairments on Front Crawl Body Roll Characteristics of Para Swimmers.Sports medicine - open · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThe impact of physical impairment on Froude efficiency and intracyclic velocity fluctuation in Para swimmers is not well documented. Identification of differences in these variables between disabled and nondisabled swimmers could help develop a more objective system for assigning Para swimmers to classes for competition. This study quantifies Froude efficiency and intracyclic velocity fluctuation in unilateral forearm-amputee front crawl swimmers and evaluates associations between these variables and performance.
methodsTen unilateral forearm-amputee swimmers completed front crawl trials at 50- and 400-m pace; three-dimensional video analysis provided mass center, and wrist and stump velocities. Intracyclic velocity fluctuation was calculated as follows: 1) maximum-minimum mass center velocity, expressed as percent of mean velocity, and 2) coefficient of variation in mass center velocity. Froude efficiency was the ratio between mean swimming velocity and wrist plus stump velocity during each segment's respective 1) underwater phase and 2) propulsive underwater phase.
resultsForearm amputees' intracyclic velocity fluctuation (400 m: 22% ± 7%, 50 m: 18% ± 5%) was similar to published values for nondisabled swimmers, whereas Froude efficiencies were lower. Froude efficiency was higher at 400-m (0.37 ± 0.04) than 50-m pace (0.35 ± 0.05; P < 0.05) and higher for the unaffected limb (400 m: 0.52 ± 0.03, 50 m: 0.54 ± 0.04) than the residual limb (400 m: 0.38 ± 0.03, 50 m 0.38 ± 0.02; P < 0.05). Neither intracyclic velocity fluctuation nor Froude efficiency was associated with swimming performance.
conclusionsFroude efficiency may be a valuable measure of activity limitation in swimmers with an upper limb deficiency and a useful metric for comparing swimmers with different types and severity of physical impairment.
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