ArticleJournal of patient-reported outcomes2023
Psychometric performance of the Chichewa versions of the EQ-5D-Y-3L and EQ-5D-Y-5L among healthy and sick children and adolescents in Malawi.
Article in Journal of patient-reported outcomes, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Measurement Properties of the EQ-5D Instruments in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review.Applied health economics and health policy · 2025Pooled it
- Psychometric properties comparison of EQ-5D-Y-3L and CHU-9D in children with adenoid hypertrophy.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2026Article
- Generic health-related quality of life instruments among children and adolescents in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review.Systematic reviews · 2026Article
- Psychometric evaluation of the EQ-5D-Y-3L in Ethiopian pediatric inpatients: comparing self and proxy reports.Journal of patient-reported outcomes · 2025Article
- How do children understand and respond to the EQ-5D-Y-3L? A mixed methods study in a community-based sample of 6-12-year-olds.Health and quality of life outcomes · 2024Article
- Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric validation of the Chichewa (Malawi) PedsQLJournal of patient-reported outcomes · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesThe EuroQol Group has developed an extended version of the EQ-5D-Y-3L with five response levels for each of its five dimensions (EQ-5D-Y-5L). The psychometric performance has been reported in several studies for the EQ-5D-Y-3L but not for the EQ-5D-Y-5L. This study aimed to psychometrically evaluate the EQ-5D-Y-3L and EQ-5D-Y-5L Chichewa (Malawi) versions.
methodsThe EQ-5D-Y-3L, EQ-5D-Y-5L and PedsQL™ 4.0 Chichewa versions were administered to children and adolescents aged 8-17 years in Blantyre, Malawi. Both of the EQ-5D-Y versions were evaluated for missing data, floor/ceiling effects, and validity (convergent, discriminant, known-group and empirical).
resultsA total of 289 participants (95 healthy, and 194 chronic and acute) self-completed the questionnaires. There was little problem with missing data (< 5%) except in children aged 8-12 years particularly for the EQ-5D-Y-5L. Ceiling effects was generally reduced in moving from the EQ-5D-Y-3L to the EQ-5D-Y-5L. For both EQ-5D-Y-3L and EQ-5D-Y-5L, convergent validity tested with PedsQL™ 4.0 was found to be satisfactory (correlation ≥ 0.4) at scale level but mixed at dimension /sub-scale level. There was evidence of discriminant validity (p > 0.05) with respect to gender and age, but not for school grade (p < 0.05). For empirical validity, the EQ-5D-Y-5L was 31-91% less efficient than the EQ-5D-Y-3L at detecting differences in health status using external measures.
conclusionsBoth versions of the EQ-5D-Y-3L and EQ-5D-Y-5L had issues with missing data in younger children. Convergent validity, discriminant validity with respect to gender and age, and known-group validity of either measures were also met for use among children and adolescents in this population, although with some limitations (discriminant validity by grade and empirical validity). The EQ-5D-Y-3L seems particularly suited for use in younger children (8-12 years) and the EQ-5D-Y-5L in adolescents (13-17 years). However, further psychometric testing is required for test re-test reliability and responsiveness that could not be carried out in this study due to COVID-19 restrictions.
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