ArticleEye and brain2023
Changes in Ocular Biomarkers from Normal Cognitive Aging to Alzheimer's Disease: A Pilot Study.
Article in Eye and brain, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ocular Surface Changes Associated with Neurological Diseases.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Review
- Ocular changes as potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Review
- Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology in the Retina.Progress in retinal and eye research · 2024Review
- Retinal vascular biomarkers in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis.Alzheimer's & dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands)Review
- Inner and outer retinal abnormalities detected in Alzheimer's disease subjects diagnosed by amyloid PET not revealed when classified based on clinical criteria.Alzheimer's & dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands)Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: To identify ophthalmic findings in Alzheimer's type dementia (ATD) compared to normal subjects. Patients and Methods: This comparative descriptive study included participants from the institution's cognitive fitness center. Complete ophthalmic examinations were performed. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) were used to analyze retinal thickness and vascular density. The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score and tear breakup time (TBUT) were used to assess dry eye. The blink rate was counted by a well-trained observer. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Thai Mental State Examination (TMSE) score. Correlation analysis was performed to compare OCT, OCTA parameters, and TMSE. Results: We included 24 ATD patients and 39 normal participants as a control group by age and sex-matched. The prevalence of dry eye using the Asia Dry Eye Society criteria was 15% and 13% in normal and ATD patients, respectively. The differences in OSDI scores, TBUT, and blink rate between the two groups were not statistically significant. The parafoveal and perifoveal macular thickness of the ATD group were significantly lower than that of the control group (p<0.01). All parameters of the vessel density of the ATD group were significantly lower than in the control group, including the whole macular vessel density (p<0.01), optic disc vessel density at the nerve head level (p<0.01), and optic disc vessel density at the radial peripapillary capillary level (p<0.05). After age adjustment, there were no statistically significant differences in all the OCT and OCTA parameters. There was a positive correlation between retinal thickness and vessel density in the macular and optic disc region and TMSE scores. Conclusion: Perifoveal and parafoveal retinal thickness might be more sensitive than peripapillary RNFL thickness to detect neurodegenerative changes in patients with ATD. Macular thickness and vessel density reduction were also positively correlated with cognitive decline.
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