SynthesisEuropean respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society2023
Prevalence, imaging patterns and risk factors of interstitial lung disease in connective tissue disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 130 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
130 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 182 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and incidence of interstitial lung diseases in systemic lupus erythematosus: systematic review and meta-analyses.Lupus science & medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Systematic Review on Artificial Intelligence in Rheumatology Practice: From Implementation Concerns to Imaging and Clinical Application.International journal of rheumatic diseases · 2026Pooled it
- The global prevalence of interstitial lung disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Rheumatology international · 2025Pooled it
- Serum KL-6 and the mortality of patients with connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease: A meta-analysis.Biomolecules & biomedicine · 2024Pooled it
- Determinants for worsening in systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease-associated interstitial lung disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Pooled it
- [Survey of care situation for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis with pulmonary involvement in Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland].Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie · 2026Article
- A Multicenter Registry for Rare Interstitial Lung Diseases in Korea: Baseline Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes.Tuberculosis and respiratory diseases · 2026Article
- The 2025 ATS/ERS update of the international multidisciplinary classification of the interstitial pneumonias: implications for the pathologist.Histopathology · 2026Review
- Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy-related interstitial lung disease patients present to pulmonology: a tertiary center experience.Annals of the American Thoracic Society · 2026Article
- Unravelling the Links Between Gastroesophageal Reflux and Lung Disease: New Insights.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2026Review
- Pirfenidone combined with nintedanib in connective tissue disease - associated interstitial lung disease with radiologic progression during antifibrotic monotherapy: A case series.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- Human epididymis protein 4: a potential prognostic biomarker for rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- Lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2026Review
- Extra-articular rheumatoid arthritis: example of RA-associated interstitial lung disease.EULAR rheumatology open · 2026Review
- Clinical characteristics and factors associated with progressive pulmonary fibrosis in patients with systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- Integration of clinical variables and CT radiomics features in a nomogram for predicting interstitial lung disease in Sjögren's syndrome.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Clinical characteristics of lung cancer in patients with connective tissue disease associated interstitial lung disease: a brief report.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- Improvements in Outcomes for Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease With Expanded Treatment Options.Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Article
- The value of serum biomarkers in the management of interstitial lung disease in patients with connective tissue disease: a protocol for an observational study.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Characteristics and outcomes of anti-Ku antibody-associated interstitial lung disease: a retrospective study of 60 patients.RMD open · 2026Observational
70 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionInterstitial lung disease (ILD) is a frequent manifestation of connective tissue disease (CTD) with substantial variability in prevalence and outcomes reported across CTD subtypes. This systematic review summarises the prevalence, risk factors and ILD patterns on chest computed tomography of CTD-ILD.
methodsA comprehensive search was performed in Medline and Embase to identify eligible studies. Meta-analyses were completed using a random effects model to determine the pooled prevalence of CTD-ILD and ILD patterns.
results11 582 unique citations were identified with 237 articles included. Pooled prevalence of ILD was 11% in rheumatoid arthritis (95% CI 7-15%), 47% in systemic sclerosis (44-50%), 41% in idiopathic inflammatory myositis (33-50%), 17% in primary Sjögren's syndrome (12-21%), 56% in mixed connective tissue disease (39-72%) and 6% in systemic lupus erythematosus (3-10%). Usual interstitial pneumonia was the most prevalent ILD pattern in rheumatoid arthritis (pooled prevalence of 46%), while nonspecific interstitial pneumonia was the most common ILD pattern in all other CTD subtypes (pooled prevalence range 27-76%). Across all CTDs with available data, positive serology and higher inflammatory markers were risk factors for development of ILD. DISCUSSION: We identified substantial variability in ILD across CTD subtypes suggesting that CTD-ILD is too heterogenous to be considered a single entity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.