Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36884003›Full record

ArticleACS sensors2023

Week-Long Operation of Electrochemical Aptamer Sensors: New Insights into Self-Assembled Monolayer Degradation Mechanisms and Solutions for Stability in Serum at Body Temperature.

Zach Watkins, Aleksandar Karajic, Thomas Young, Ryan White, Jason Heikenfeld

Open access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in ACS sensors, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
43citing papers in PubMed
13.1field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

43 citing papers in PubMed, 85 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Review
  2. Design, Construction, and Application of Implantable Fiber Biosensors.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026
    Review
  3. Review
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Continuous, Week-Long, Seconds-ResolvedJournal of the American Chemical Society · 2026
    Article
  12. Review
  13. Review
  14. Review
  15. Review
  16. Review
  17. Review
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Zach WatkinsDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States.ORCID 0000-0002-4789-1846
Aleksandar KarajicDepartment of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States.
Thomas YoungDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States.ORCID 0000-0001-9311-1145
Ryan WhiteDepartment of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States.ORCID 0000-0003-0849-0457
Jason HeikenfeldDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States.ORCID 0000-0001-5778-8343
University of Cincinnati · US

Funding

Breakthrough Blocking-Layer Stability for Broader Clinical Utility of Continuous Aptamer BiosensorsR21EB033874 · NIBIB · UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI · PI HEIKENFELD, JASON · 2022 to 2024
$634k
Integrated Electrochemical Aptamer Based Platforms for the Point-of-Care and Continuous Monitoring of Clinically Relevant AnalytesF30HD107927 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI · PI WATKINS, ZACHARY L · 2022 to 2025
$187k
NIBIB NIH HHS R21 EB033874NICHD NIH HHS F30 HD107927
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Conventional wisdom suggests that widely utilized self-assembled alkylthiolate monolayers on gold are too unstable to last more than several days when exposed to complex fluids such as raw serum at body temperature. Demonstrated here is that these monolayers can not only last at least 1 week under such harsh conditions but that significant applied value can be captured for continuous electrochemical aptamer biosensors. Electrochemical aptamer biosensors provide an ideal tool to investigate monolayer degradation, as aptamer sensors require a tightly packed monolayer to preserve sensor signal vs background current and readily reveal fouling by albumin and other solutes when operating in biofluids. Week-long operation in serum at 37 °C is achieved by (1) increasing van der Waals interactions between adjacent monolayer molecules to increase the activation energy required for desorption, (2) optimizing electrochemical measurement to decrease both alkylthiolate oxidation and electric-field-induced desorption, and (3) mitigating fouling using protective zwitterionic membranes and zwitterion-based blocking layers with antifouling properties. This work further proposes origins and mechanisms of monolayer degradation in a logical stepwise manner that was previously unobservable over multiday time scales. Several of the observed results are surprising, revealing that short-term improvements to sensor longevity (i.e., hours) actually increase sensor degradation in the longer term (i.e., days). The results and underlying insights on mechanisms not only push forward fundamental understanding of stability for self-assembled monolayers but also demonstrate an important milestone for continuous electrochemical aptamer biosensors.

Indexed as

Aptamers, NucleotideBiosensing TechniquesBody TemperatureSerumAptamers, Nucleotidebiofoulingbiosensorsdesorptionelectrochemical aptamer sensorsself-assembled monolayers

Identifiers

PMID36884003
PMCPMC10443649
OpenAlexW4323535129

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.