ArticleThe journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences2023
Effects of Brain Maintenance and Cognitive Reserve on Age-Related Decline in Three Cognitive Abilities.
Article in The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Cognitive Reserve and Psychological Well-Being in Aging Population of Community-Dwellers in Spain.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- One is not like the other: Examining the neural response to repetitive low-level blast exposure in experienced military personnel.Neuroimage. Reports · 2026Article
- Redefining cognitive testing: the impact of cognitive reserve and sex from early to late adulthood.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Mechanisms and Impact of Cognitive Reserve in Normal Aging and Alzheimer's Disease.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Brain aging shows nonlinear transitions, suggesting a midlife "critical window" for metabolic intervention.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Evaluating the Effectiveness of Cognitive Interventions for Healthy and Mild Cognitive Impairment Adults: A Comprehensive Umbrella Meta-Analysis.Journal of aging research · 2025Review
- Sleep Genetics and Cognitive Changes over Time: The Moderating Effect of Age and the Role of Brain.Genes · 2024Article
- Childhood engagement in cognitively stimulating activities moderates relationships between brain structure and cognitive function in adulthood.Neurobiology of aging · 2024Article
- In vivo tau is associated with change in memory and processing speed, but not reasoning, in cognitively unimpaired older adults.Neurobiology of aging · 2024Article
- Implications of fitting a two-compartment model in single-shell diffusion MRI.Physics in medicine and biology · 2023Article
- From theory to practice: translating the concept of cognitive resilience to novel therapeutic targets that maintain cognition in aging adults.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
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Abstract
objectivesAge-related cognitive changes can be influenced by both brain maintenance (BM), which refers to the relative absence over time of changes in neural resources or neuropathologic changes, and cognitive reserve (CR), which encompasses brain processes that allow for better-than-expected behavioral performance given the degree of life-course-related brain changes. This study evaluated the effects of age, BM, and CR on longitudinal changes over 2 visits, 5 years apart, in 3 cognitive abilities that capture most of age-related variability.
methodsParticipants included 254 healthy adults aged 20-80 years at recruitment. Potential BM was estimated using whole-brain cortical thickness and white matter mean diffusivity at both visits. Education and intelligence quotient (IQ; estimated with American National Adult Reading Test) were tested as moderating factors for cognitive changes in the 3 cognitive abilities.
resultsConsistent with BM-after accounting for age, sex, and baseline performance-individual differences in the preservation of mean diffusivity and cortical thickness were independently associated with relative preservation in the 3 abilities. Consistent with CR-after accounting for age, sex, baseline performance, and structural brain changes-higher IQ, but not education, was associated with reduced 5-year decline in reasoning (β = 0.387, p = .002), and education was associated with reduced decline in speed (β = 0.237, p = .039). DISCUSSION: These results demonstrate that both CR and BM can moderate cognitive changes in healthy aging and that the 2 mechanisms can make differential contributions to preserved cognition.
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